CASRAI Dictionary
type: DefinedTermSet
alternate name: CASRAI
description: Open, citable controlled vocabulary for research administration. 20 thematic domains; CC-BY 4.0.
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
version: v2026.1
date published: 2026-05-17
language: en-GB
publisher: CASRAI — Standards for Research Administration
creator: CASRAI — Standards for Research Administration
is accessible for free: true
keywords: research administration
keywords: CRediT
keywords: contributor roles
keywords: controlled vocabulary
keywords: open standards
keywords: CASRAI
citation: CASRAI Dictionary v2026.1. 2026-05-17. https://casrai.org. CC-BY 4.0.
counts:
  domains: 20
  credit roles: 14
  terms: 714
  picklists: 10
  object templates: 100
  total: 858
has defined term: Generative AI use and disclosure
has defined term: CRediT extensions and adjacent contribution vocabularies
has defined term: Mentorship, training, and career stages
has defined term: Research outputs (expanded)
has defined term: The persistent identifier ecosystem
has defined term: Research-information systems and integration
has defined term: Research data infrastructure
has defined term: Machine-actionable data management plans
has defined term: Reproducibility and computational research
has defined term: AI and ML research outputs
has defined term: Research integrity and misconduct
has defined term: Compliance and regulatory
has defined term: Research security
has defined term: Indigenous data governance — CARE principles
has defined term: Responsible research assessment
has defined term: Knowledge equity, diversity, global-south inclusion
has defined term: Engagement, impact, and SDG alignment
has defined term: Sustainable research and laboratory operations
has defined term: Funding lifecycle and financial vocabulary
has defined term: Research lifecycle stages and project metadata
has defined term: Conceptualization
has defined term: Methodology
has defined term: Software
has defined term: Validation
has defined term: Formal analysis
has defined term: Investigation
has defined term: Resources
has defined term: Data curation
has defined term: Writing — original draft
has defined term: Writing — review & editing
has defined term: Visualization
has defined term: Supervision
has defined term: Project administration
has defined term: Funding acquisition
has defined term: Lab equipment lifecycle assessment
has defined term: Carbon accounting (research)
has defined term: Scope 1 / 2 / 3 emissions (research org)
has defined term: Climate impact statement (in DMP)
has defined term: Climate-aware funding
has defined term: Open infrastructure energy efficiency
has defined term: Sustainable procurement (research)
has defined term: 5R Framework (lab sustainability)
has defined term: Hybrid conference
has defined term: Virtual conference
has defined term: Conference travel emissions
has defined term: Travel emissions (academic)
has defined term: Carbon-aware computing
has defined term: Energy proportionality (computing)
has defined term: Green software engineering
has defined term: Sustainable HPC
has defined term: Compute carbon footprint
has defined term: Research carbon footprint
has defined term: Lab waste audit
has defined term: Single-use plastic alternatives
has defined term: Reusable consumables
has defined term: Plastic waste (research lab)
has defined term: -80 degC freezer management
has defined term: Cold-storage energy (research)
has defined term: ULAB sample
has defined term: Green Lab Certification
has defined term: My Green Lab
has defined term: LEAF (Laboratory Efficiency Assessment Framework)

CASRAI — Standards for Research Administration
type: Organization

Generative AI use and disclosure
type: DefinedTerm
description: Vocabulary for human–AI collaboration on research outputs and the disclosure required.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

CRediT extensions and adjacent contribution vocabularies
type: DefinedTerm
description: Extending CRediT to acknowledged contributors, peer reviewers, technical staff.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Mentorship, training, and career stages
type: DefinedTerm
description: Career-stage terms underpinning narrative CVs and mentorship recognition.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Research outputs (expanded)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Modern outputs taxonomy beyond articles — preprints, datasets, models, protocols, more.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

The persistent identifier ecosystem
type: DefinedTerm
description: ORCID, ROR, RAiD, IGSN, PIDINST, DOIs — the PID landscape.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Research-information systems and integration
type: DefinedTerm
description: CRIS, RIM, CERIF, OpenAIRE, JATS — vendor-neutral terms.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Research data infrastructure
type: DefinedTerm
description: Trusted repositories, EOSC, biobanks, data trusts, federated infrastructure.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Machine-actionable data management plans
type: DefinedTerm
description: RDA DMP Common Standard and the ecosystem of maDMP tools.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Reproducibility and computational research
type: DefinedTerm
description: Workflows, containers, FAIR4RS, Software Heritage, computational reproducibility.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

AI and ML research outputs
type: DefinedTerm
description: Model cards, system cards, datasheets, benchmarks, evaluation suites.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Research integrity and misconduct
type: DefinedTerm
description: FFP, paper mills, retractions, COPE / ORI / UKRIO frameworks.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Compliance and regulatory
type: DefinedTerm
description: IRB/REC, IACUC, GDPR, MTAs, EAR/ITAR — the compliance lattice.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Research security
type: DefinedTerm
description: NSPM-33, foreign component, DURC, dual-use research.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Indigenous data governance — CARE principles
type: DefinedTerm
description: CARE alongside FAIR; TK labels, FPIC, GIDA.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Responsible research assessment
type: DefinedTerm
description: DORA, COARA, R4RI, narrative CVs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Knowledge equity, diversity, global-south inclusion
type: DefinedTerm
description: Diamond OA, APC waivers, Plan S, bibliodiversity.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Engagement, impact, and SDG alignment
type: DefinedTerm
description: REF Impact, PPI, citizen science, SDGs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Sustainable research and laboratory operations
type: DefinedTerm
description: LEAF, My Green Lab, carbon footprint of research.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Funding lifecycle and financial vocabulary
type: DefinedTerm
description: Calls, NCE, indirect costs, biosketch, current & pending.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Research lifecycle stages and project metadata
type: DefinedTerm
description: RAiD-anchored project lifecycle, phases, milestones.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: domain

Conceptualization
type: DefinedTerm
description: Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Methodology
type: DefinedTerm
description: Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Software
type: DefinedTerm
description: Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Validation
type: DefinedTerm
description: Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Formal analysis
type: DefinedTerm
description: Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyse or synthesise study data.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Investigation
type: DefinedTerm
description: Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Resources
type: DefinedTerm
description: Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Data curation
type: DefinedTerm
description: Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later re-use.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Writing — original draft
type: DefinedTerm
description: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Writing — review & editing
type: DefinedTerm
description: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision — including pre- or post-publication stages.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Visualization
type: DefinedTerm
description: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization / data presentation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Supervision
type: DefinedTerm
description: Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Project administration
type: DefinedTerm
description: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Funding acquisition
type: DefinedTerm
description: Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: credit_role

Lab equipment lifecycle assessment
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured environmental impact assessment of a laboratory instrument or equipment item across all life-cycle stages, from raw-material extraction and manufacture through use, maintenance, and end-of-life.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Carbon accounting (research)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The systematic measurement, calculation, and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions across research activities, applying standard methodologies and emission factors to produce auditable CO2-equivalent totals.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Scope 1 / 2 / 3 emissions (research org)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The categorisation of a research organisation's greenhouse-gas emissions following the GHG Protocol: scope 1 (direct on-site combustion), scope 2 (purchased electricity, heat, steam, cooling), and scope 3 (indirect emissions across the value chain, including procurement, commuting, travel, and waste).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Climate impact statement (in DMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured section in a data management plan or research proposal that estimates and discusses the environmental impact of planned research activities, including travel, computing, equipment, consumables, and data storage.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Climate-aware funding
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research funding policies and award practices that explicitly incorporate climate and environmental sustainability considerations into eligibility, proposal review, and reporting.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open infrastructure energy efficiency
type: DefinedTerm
description: The energy and carbon performance of shared, community-governed scholarly infrastructure (open repositories, identifier services, preservation systems), considered as part of the sustainability profile of the open scholarship ecosystem.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sustainable procurement (research)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The process of purchasing research goods and services with explicit consideration of environmental, social, and governance criteria across the full supply chain, in addition to price and performance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

5R Framework (lab sustainability)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A hierarchical decision framework applied to laboratory consumables and waste: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle, considered in that order of preference.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Hybrid conference
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scholarly meeting that simultaneously supports in-person and remote participation, with intentional design choices to give remote attendees substantive interactivity rather than passive viewing.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Virtual conference
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scholarly meeting held entirely online, with no physical venue or in-person attendance, using video-conferencing, virtual poster halls, and asynchronous discussion channels.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Conference travel emissions
type: DefinedTerm
description: The subset of academic travel emissions specifically attributable to attendance at conferences, workshops, and scholarly meetings.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Travel emissions (academic)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The greenhouse gas emissions arising from academic business travel, principally air travel for conferences, fieldwork, collaboration visits, and external examining.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Carbon-aware computing
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of scheduling, shifting, or routing computational workloads in response to real-time grid carbon intensity, so that flexible jobs run when and where electricity emissions are lowest.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Energy proportionality (computing)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The property of computing systems whose energy consumption scales linearly with workload, so that idle or lightly utilised systems draw correspondingly little power.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Green software engineering
type: DefinedTerm
description: The discipline of designing, building, and operating software with explicit attention to its energy and carbon impact, as defined by the Green Software Foundation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sustainable HPC
type: DefinedTerm
description: High-performance computing operations and procurement choices that minimise energy use, carbon emissions, water use, and hardware waste while delivering scientific compute capacity.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Compute carbon footprint
type: DefinedTerm
description: The greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the electricity consumed by computational research activities, including local workstations, on-premises HPC clusters, and cloud or commercial compute services.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research carbon footprint
type: DefinedTerm
description: The total greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in CO2-equivalent) attributable to research activity, encompassing direct laboratory energy use, computing, procurement, travel, and end-of-life of research equipment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Lab waste audit
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured exercise in which a laboratory measures and categorises the volume, type, and disposal route of waste generated over a defined period to identify reduction, re-use, and recycling opportunities.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Single-use plastic alternatives
type: DefinedTerm
description: Materials and product designs that substitute for traditional single-use polymer consumables in research workflows, including bio-based polymers, autoclavable glassware, reduced-plastic packaging, and refill-and-wash systems.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reusable consumables
type: DefinedTerm
description: Laboratory items historically used once and discarded that are redesigned, repurposed, or substituted with multi-use alternatives, including washable tip-box racks, autoclavable glass tubes, refillable spray bottles, and washable lab coats.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Plastic waste (research lab)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The single-use and multi-use polymer waste generated by laboratory research activities, including pipette tips, tubes, plates, gloves, packaging, and serological pipettes, much of which is contaminated and routed to incineration rather than recycling.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

-80 degC freezer management
type: DefinedTerm
description: The set of operational practices applied to ultra-low temperature (ULT) freezers to minimise energy use, extend equipment life, and preserve sample integrity, including sample inventory control, temperature setpoint optimisation, and preventive maintenance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Cold-storage energy (research)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The electrical energy consumed by research cold-storage equipment (-20 degC freezers, -80 degC ultra-low temperature freezers, liquid nitrogen Dewars, cold rooms) used to preserve biological, chemical, and reagent samples.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ULAB sample
type: DefinedTerm
description: An Unknown Long-Abandoned Biological sample, typically held in a freezer or cold-storage facility with no current owner, provenance record, or active research use, representing a major target for sustainability clean-out programmes.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Green Lab Certification
type: DefinedTerm
description: Any formal third-party assessment that verifies a laboratory meets defined sustainability criteria, most commonly issued by LEAF or My Green Lab.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

My Green Lab
type: DefinedTerm
description: A US-based non-profit organisation and certification programme that assesses laboratory sustainability across behaviour, equipment, infrastructure, and culture, issuing tiered certifications used by pharmaceutical, biotech, and academic labs worldwide.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

LEAF (Laboratory Efficiency Assessment Framework)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A standards-based assessment framework developed by University College London that scores wet and dry laboratories on energy, waste, water, procurement, and research-quality practices, awarding Bronze, Silver, or Gold accreditation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Updated project plan
type: DefinedTerm
description: A revised version of the original project plan, reflecting approved changes to scope, work packages, milestones, deliverables, budget, or timeline, typically produced after a project pivot, change request, or extension.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project plan
type: DefinedTerm
description: The structured document, typically created in the proposal or award-acceptance phase, describing the project's objectives, methods, work packages, tasks, milestones, deliverables, timeline, budget, team, and risks.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project metadata
type: DefinedTerm
description: The structured descriptive data about a research project, including title, abstract, dates, funder, award number, PI, contributors, institutions, scope, keywords, outputs, and identifiers (RAiD, ORCID, ROR, DOI), used for discovery, reporting, and linkage.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project ID (RAiD-anchored)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A persistent, machine-actionable identifier for a research project, typically issued under the Research Activity Identifier (RAiD) standard ISO 23527, used to unambiguously identify the project across systems, funders, institutions, and outputs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Output legacy planning
type: DefinedTerm
description: The explicit planning, typically conducted late in execution and at closeout, for the long-term stewardship, accessibility, and re-use of project outputs (data, software, publications, prototypes, networks) beyond the project's funded lifetime.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Post-project sustainability
type: DefinedTerm
description: The planning and provision for ongoing maintenance, hosting, support, or further development of project outputs (software, datasets, networks, services, communities) after the funded project has formally ended.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Lessons learned
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured retrospective summary of what worked well, what did not, and what the project team would do differently, captured at major lifecycle milestones (especially closeout) to inform future projects.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project closure documentation
type: DefinedTerm
description: The set of documents produced at project closeout to record final outcomes, lessons learned, deliverables submitted, data archived, equipment disposition, and outstanding obligations, providing an auditable trail for future reference.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Offboarding (project)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The structured process of transitioning a team member out of a project, including knowledge transfer, data and code hand-off, access revocation, exit interview, and documentation of outstanding items.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Onboarding (project)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The structured process of integrating a new team member, partner, or contributor into a project, including orientation to scope, methods, tools, data, governance, and team norms.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Hand-off (between phases)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The structured transfer of project responsibility, knowledge, and artefacts from one lifecycle phase to the next, or between project teams or roles, to ensure continuity and minimise loss of context.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project hold
type: DefinedTerm
description: A temporary pause of project activity initiated by the project team, the institution, or a regulatory body, for example pending an ethics re-approval, equipment repair, IRB decision, or while a key team member is on leave.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Continuation decision
type: DefinedTerm
description: The sponsor's formal determination, typically at the end of a reporting period, of whether to continue funding the next budget period of a multi-year grant, based on satisfactory progress and continued funding availability.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Suspension (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The temporary halting of a grant's activities, typically initiated by the sponsor in response to a concern (compliance, ethical, or financial), during which new obligations cannot be incurred against the award and previously incurred costs may be at risk.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Termination (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The formal ending of a grant award before its scheduled end date, initiated by the sponsor or recipient, due to non-performance, mutual agreement, loss of funding, or other defined cause.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

No-cost extension (lifecycle context)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal extension of the project's period of performance beyond the original end date, with no additional sponsor funds, used to complete the funded scope when execution has been delayed or remaining funds support continued work.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Change request (project)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal request submitted to a sponsor to amend an aspect of an awarded project, such as scope, budget allocation, personnel, equipment, or timeline, typically requiring sponsor review and approval before the change takes effect.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project pivot
type: DefinedTerm
description: A substantive change in the direction, methods, scope, or objectives of a research project, motivated by new findings, external developments, technical obstacles, or strategic re-evaluation, typically requiring formal sponsor approval.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

End-of-project review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal review held at or near the end of the project's period of performance, assessing overall achievement of objectives, deliverables produced, impact, and lessons learned.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mid-term review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal review conducted at approximately the midpoint of a research project, evaluating progress against aims, resource utilisation, and the realism and feasibility of the plan for the remaining project duration.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Interim project review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scheduled formal review of project progress conducted at a defined intermediate point in the project lifecycle, typically combining sponsor, consortium, and (sometimes) independent expert evaluation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Annual report (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scheduled interim report submitted to the sponsor once per project year, summarising progress, deliverables, expenditure, personnel, and any deviations, supporting continuation decisions for multi-year awards.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Archive phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The post-closeout lifecycle phase during which project records, datasets, code, and documentation are deposited in appropriate repositories for long-term preservation, access, and possible re-use.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reporting phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The lifecycle phase or sub-phase during which scheduled progress and financial reports are prepared and submitted to the sponsor, typically overlapping with later execution and closeout.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Execution phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The main project lifecycle phase during which the planned research activities are carried out, deliverables produced, milestones achieved, and the bulk of grant expenditure occurs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Award phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The lifecycle phase between sponsor decision to fund and start of the period of performance, covering notification, negotiation of terms, contracting, ethics and other compliance approvals, and project mobilisation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Proposal phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The lifecycle phase covering preparation, drafting, internal review, institutional approval, and submission of a research proposal to a funder, ending with proposal submission.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Idea phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The earliest phase of the research project lifecycle, in which a researcher identifies a question, surveys the literature, drafts a research concept, and explores potential funders and collaborators before committing to proposal preparation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project lifecycle
type: DefinedTerm
description: The complete sequence of phases through which a research project progresses from initial idea through proposal, award, execution, reporting, closeout, and post-project legacy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Subtask
type: DefinedTerm
description: An internal subdivision of a project task, used for detailed planning, effort tracking, and execution management, typically not formally reported to the sponsor but tracked within the consortium or research group.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Task (Horizon Europe)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A subdivision of a Horizon Europe work package, representing a specific activity with defined objectives, contributing partners, person-month allocation, and link to particular deliverables or milestones.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Work package (Horizon Europe)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A defined sub-component of a Horizon Europe project that groups related tasks, deliverables, and milestones under a single work-package leader, with its own budget allocation and timeline.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project deliverable
type: DefinedTerm
description: A tangible, verifiable output produced by a project, such as a report, dataset, software release, prototype, or publication, formally documented in the project plan with a due date and responsible work package or partner.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project milestone
type: DefinedTerm
description: A significant intermediate point in a project, marking achievement of a key activity, completion of a deliverable, or successful transition between phases, used to monitor progress against the project plan.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: A defined segment of a research project's lifecycle, characterised by a specific objective, set of activities, deliverables, and decision gates, used to structure planning, execution, and reporting.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Financial report (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured statement of grant expenditure submitted to the sponsor at defined reporting periods, presenting actual costs against the approved budget by category and supporting reimbursement or continuation decisions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Final report
type: DefinedTerm
description: The concluding report submitted to the sponsor at or shortly after the end of the period of performance, summarising the entire project's achievements, deliverables, publications, financial summary, and outcomes.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Interim report
type: DefinedTerm
description: A progress and/or financial report submitted to the sponsor during a multi-period grant, covering activities up to a defined intermediate point and supporting continuation decisions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reporting period (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A defined time window within a multi-period grant for which the recipient must submit progress and/or financial reports to the sponsor, often aligned with budget years or work-package completion dates.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Lump-sum grant (Horizon Europe)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A Horizon Europe funding model in which a fixed lump-sum amount is paid for completion of each work package, replacing detailed cost-actuals reporting with focus on technical deliverables and successful work-package completion.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Milestone payment
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funding disbursement triggered by the achievement of a defined project milestone, used in fixed-price or hybrid funding mechanisms to align sponsor payment with verifiable progress.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Fixed-price grant
type: DefinedTerm
description: A grant or contract in which the sponsor pays a pre-agreed fixed amount on satisfactory completion of the work or defined milestones, without reimbursement of actual costs, transferring cost-overrun risk to the recipient.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Cost reimbursement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funding mechanism in which the sponsor reimburses the recipient for actual allowable costs incurred during the performance of the award, typically up to a stated funding ceiling, with periodic invoicing and supporting documentation required.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pass-through entity
type: DefinedTerm
description: A non-federal entity that receives a federal award from a federal awarding agency and then provides a subaward to a subrecipient to carry out part of the federal programme.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Prime award
type: DefinedTerm
description: The grant or contract directly between the funder and the lead recipient organisation, which holds primary responsibility for the project's scope, deliverables, and compliance, and may issue subawards to other entities.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Subrecipient monitoring
type: DefinedTerm
description: The activities undertaken by the prime award recipient (pass-through entity) to ensure that subrecipients comply with the terms of their subawards, including financial, programmatic, and audit oversight.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Subaward
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal award by the prime recipient of a grant to another organisation to perform a defined portion of the substantive scope of work, governed by terms flowing down from the prime award.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sponsored research agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A contractual agreement between a research-performing organisation and a sponsor (industry, foundation, or government), defining the scope of work, deliverables, IP terms, publication rights, payment terms, and reporting obligations for a research project.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Crowdfunded research
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research projects funded by aggregated small contributions from many individuals, typically solicited through online platforms (Experiment, Kickstarter, GoFundMe, institutional giving sites) rather than from traditional grant-making bodies.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Endowment income
type: DefinedTerm
description: The investment returns generated by an institution's or foundation's permanent endowment fund, used (typically at a defined spending rate, e.g., 4 to 5 percent of a multi-year smoothed average) to support operations, scholarships, or named research programmes.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Foundation grant
type: DefinedTerm
description: A grant awarded by a private, charitable, or family foundation rather than a government agency or industry sponsor, typically funded from endowment income and governed by the foundation's mission and giving guidelines.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Indirect cost recovery
type: DefinedTerm
description: The income an institution receives from sponsors as reimbursement for indirect (overhead) costs incurred in support of sponsored projects, calculated by applying the negotiated or sponsor-imposed indirect cost rate to the relevant direct-cost base.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Single Audit (US)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A US federal annual organisation-wide audit required of non-federal entities expending more than a defined threshold of federal funds, conducted under 2 CFR 200 Subpart F (formerly OMB Circular A-133).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Audit (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal examination of an institution's or project's financial records, internal controls, and compliance with sponsor terms, conducted by external or internal auditors to provide independent assurance of proper stewardship of grant funds.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Closeout phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The grant lifecycle phase following the end of the period of performance, during which final technical, financial, equipment, and property reports are submitted, residual obligations are liquidated, and the award is formally closed.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Post-award phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The grant lifecycle phase covering all activities between the start of the period of performance and the end of the closeout reporting period, including expenditure, reporting, monitoring, modifications, and subaward management.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pre-award phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The grant lifecycle phase covering activities from identification of a funding opportunity through proposal preparation, submission, and award negotiation, prior to the start of the period of performance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Encumbrance
type: DefinedTerm
description: A reservation or commitment of grant funds against a future expenditure (such as a purchase order, a multi-year salary commitment, or a subaward), recorded in the institution's financial system to prevent over-commitment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Burn rate (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The rate at which a grant's funds are being expended over time, typically expressed as currency-per-month or as a percentage of the budget consumed per period, used to forecast end-of-period spend and identify under- or over-spend trajectories.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Underspend
type: DefinedTerm
description: The condition in which a grant budget period ends with unspent funds, indicating actual expenditure was lower than planned and requiring action (carry-forward, reduction of next-year award, or return to sponsor).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Carry-forward
type: DefinedTerm
description: The authorised transfer of unobligated grant funds from one budget period to the next within a multi-year grant, allowing the recipient to use those funds in a subsequent period rather than losing them.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

No-cost extension (NCE)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An approved extension of the period of performance of a grant beyond the original end date, without additional sponsor funds, to enable completion of the funded scope.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Continuation award
type: DefinedTerm
description: The release of subsequent-year segments of a multi-year grant, contingent on satisfactory progress and the availability of funds, but not requiring a new competitive application.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Renewable award
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funding award that, on completion, may be extended or re-funded for additional periods through a renewal process, which is typically partly competitive (against other proposals) and partly based on performance of the prior award.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Discretionary funding
type: DefinedTerm
description: Funds that an institution, dean, or unit head may allocate at their own judgement, without a formal competitive call, typically used for strategic investments, recruitment startups, bridge support, or unforeseen needs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Non-competitive grant
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funding award made without a comparative peer-reviewed competition, either through direct invitation, formula allocation, or as a routine continuation of an existing multi-year award.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Competitive grant
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funding award made following a peer-reviewed, merit-based competition against other proposals, in which only a subset of applicants are funded.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Catalyst grant
type: DefinedTerm
description: A targeted, often small-to-medium-value funding mechanism designed to catalyse strategic activity in a specific area, such as building a new research network, piloting a methodology, or de-risking a translational step.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pump-priming funding
type: DefinedTerm
description: Small grants intended to initiate new collaborative or interdisciplinary research activity that is not yet ready for full external funding competition, typically with an explicit expectation of follow-on external grant capture.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Seed funding
type: DefinedTerm
description: Small-value, short-duration funding awarded to develop a novel research idea to the point where it can compete for larger external grants, typically provided by institutions, learned societies, or pilot-grant programmes.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Bridge funding
type: DefinedTerm
description: Short-term funding provided to maintain a research programme between an expiring grant and an anticipated new award, typically from institutional sources rather than external sponsors.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Match funding
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funding model in which one party's contribution is conditional on a matching contribution from another party, typically expressed as a ratio (e.g., 1:1, 2:1) of sponsor funds to recipient or third-party funds.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Cost share (voluntary)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A contribution to a sponsored project beyond what the sponsor requires, committed by the recipient institution typically to strengthen a proposal's competitiveness or demonstrate institutional support.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Cost share (mandatory)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A contribution to a sponsored project that is required by the sponsor as a condition of the award and must be documented, tracked, and reported, typically as a percentage of total project cost or as a specific dollar value.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Direct charging
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of charging a specific cost directly to a sponsored project's budget as a direct cost rather than recovering it through the indirect cost rate, when the cost meets allowability, allocability, and reasonableness criteria.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

APC reimbursement (funder)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The mechanism by which a research funder repays an article processing charge (APC) paid by an author or institution, either directly or via an institutional block grant, in support of open access publication of grant-supported research.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open access publication cost (grant-eligible)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The portion of a grant budget allocated to fund open access publication of project outputs, including article processing charges (APCs), book-processing charges (BPCs), and related fees, where the sponsor permits such costs as direct or supplemental expenditure.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Travel cost (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The portion of a grant budget allocated to project-related travel, including transportation, accommodation, meals, and subsistence for project personnel attending fieldwork, conferences, collaboration meetings, and dissemination events.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Equipment cost (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The portion of a grant budget allocated to the purchase, fabrication, or lease of equipment with a useful life beyond a single budget period and a per-unit cost exceeding the institutional capitalisation threshold.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Personnel cost (grant)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The portion of a grant budget that pays the salaries, wages, and associated benefits of staff working on the project, typically the largest single category in most research grants.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Single-year project
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funded research project whose period of performance is one year or less, with a single budget period and a single reporting cycle (interim if applicable, plus final).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Multi-year project
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funded research project whose period of performance extends across more than one year, typically structured with annual budget periods, interim reporting, and continuation reviews.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Grant Agreement (Horizon Europe)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The legally binding contract signed between the European Commission (or designated funding body) and the beneficiaries, defining the action's scope, budget, deliverables, payment, IP, reporting, and dissemination obligations for a Horizon Europe project.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Consortium agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A legal agreement signed among all beneficiaries in a multi-partner grant, regulating their internal relationships (governance, IP, confidentiality, financial flows, conflict resolution) in complement to the Grant Agreement with the funder.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Partner (grant consortium)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A non-coordinator beneficiary in a multi-partner grant consortium, responsible for an agreed share of the work and budget and party to the consortium agreement.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Coordinator (grant consortium)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The beneficiary in a multi-partner grant (especially Horizon Europe) that takes legal and administrative lead, acting as the single point of contact with the funder and coordinating consortium activities, reporting, and payments.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Beneficiary (Horizon Europe)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A legal entity that signs the Horizon Europe Grant Agreement and is directly accountable to the European Commission for delivery of an agreed share of the project's work and budget.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

MTDC (Modified Total Direct Cost)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The base to which a US federal indirect cost rate is applied, equal to total direct costs minus excluded items (typically equipment over a threshold, capital expenditures, patient care, tuition remission, rental costs, scholarships, and the portion of each subaward exceeding $25,000).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

De minimis rate (NIH)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A federally permitted 10 percent indirect cost rate that organisations without a negotiated F&A rate may elect to use on US federal awards, applied to modified total direct costs (MTDC).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

F&A rate (Facilities & Administrative)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The negotiated percentage rate applied to a defined direct-cost base to recover an institution's facilities and administrative (indirect) costs on US federal grants and contracts.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Indirect costs (overheads)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Project costs that cannot be specifically attributed to a single research activity but are necessary to support the conduct of research, including facilities, administration, libraries, IT, and depreciation, recovered from sponsors through an indirect cost rate.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Direct costs
type: DefinedTerm
description: Project costs that can be specifically and unambiguously attributed to a single sponsored research activity, including project-specific personnel salaries, materials and consumables, equipment, travel, and subaward costs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Implementation science
type: DefinedTerm
description: The scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and other evidence-based practices into routine practice, with the aim of improving the quality and effectiveness of services and outcomes.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Bench-to-bedside
type: DefinedTerm
description: A phrase used in biomedical research to describe the translation of laboratory ('bench') discoveries into clinical practice ('bedside'), encompassing the T1 stage of translational research.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Translational research
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research that bridges discovery science and practical application, translating findings from laboratory or theoretical work into improvements in clinical care, policy, products or services.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Action research
type: DefinedTerm
description: A research approach in which researchers and practitioners work together to investigate a practical problem and develop solutions through iterative cycles of planning, action, observation and reflection.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Community-based participatory research (CBPR)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A collaborative research approach that equitably involves community members, organisational representatives and researchers in all aspects of the research process, with shared decision-making and the aim of combining knowledge with action for social change.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Lived-experience expert
type: DefinedTerm
description: A person whose personal experience of a condition, situation or issue is recognised as a form of expertise that contributes meaningfully to research, policy or practice alongside professional and academic expertise.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Co-design (research)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The collaborative design of research studies, interventions, services or products with the people who will use them or be affected by them, integrating their knowledge and perspectives from the outset.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Co-production (research)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research carried out as an equal partnership between researchers and those who are intended to use, benefit from or be affected by the research, in which knowledge is generated together.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Engagement metric
type: DefinedTerm
description: A quantitative or structured-qualitative indicator capturing the extent, depth, reach or quality of engagement between researchers and non-academic stakeholders or publics.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A framework that asks research and innovation actors to anticipate and assess potential implications and societal expectations of their work, with a view to fostering the design of inclusive and sustainable outcomes.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mission-oriented research
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research designed to achieve specific, time-bound, ambitious societal missions, drawing on multiple disciplines and stakeholder partnerships, in the tradition argued for by Mariana Mazzucato.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

SDG-aligned research
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research that is explicitly designed, framed or assessed in relation to specific Sustainable Development Goals and their targets, with the intent of contributing to their achievement.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

SDG 17 (Partnerships)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The seventeenth Sustainable Development Goal: strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

SDG 9 (Industry Innovation)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The ninth Sustainable Development Goal: build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

SDG 4 (Quality Education)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The fourth Sustainable Development Goal: ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

SDG mapping (research output)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of classifying research outputs, projects or programmes against one or more Sustainable Development Goals or targets, to understand alignment, track contributions, and communicate research relevance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 17 global goals adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, addressing interlinked global challenges including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ECSA (European Citizen Science Association)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A European network of citizen-science practitioners, researchers and project owners that promotes the practice, quality and recognition of citizen science across Europe and internationally.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Citizen science
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research in which members of the general public actively participate in the scientific process, including problem framing, data collection, analysis or dissemination, often at large scale and with substantive contribution.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Patient partner
type: DefinedTerm
description: A patient, service user, carer or member of the public who is actively involved in shaping and conducting research as a recognised partner, typically with named role, compensation and decision-making influence.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Patient and Public Involvement (PPI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research being carried out 'with' or 'by' members of the public rather than 'to', 'about' or 'for' them, as defined by INVOLVE (the UK national advisory group for PPI).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Public engagement with research (PER)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A subset of public engagement focused specifically on engaging publics with research processes and outcomes, distinguished from public engagement with science or with higher education more broadly.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Public engagement (PE)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The myriad ways in which the activity and benefits of higher education and research can be shared with the public, often involving two-way interaction to generate mutual benefit, as defined by the National Co-ordinating Centre for Public Engagement (NCCPE).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Knowledge exchange (KE)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A two-way process through which knowledge, ideas and experiences are shared between researchers and non-academic partners (such as businesses, public services, third sector, communities) to mutual benefit.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Knowledge mobilisation (KMb)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The processes by which research evidence and other forms of knowledge are made accessible, useful and used by communities, practitioners, policymakers and other stakeholders to inform decisions and action.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Knowledge translation (KT)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The dynamic and iterative process that includes synthesis, dissemination, exchange and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve health and provide more effective health services and products, as defined by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pathway to impact
type: DefinedTerm
description: An articulated sequence of activities, intermediate outcomes and stakeholder engagements through which research findings are expected to translate into beneficial change beyond academia.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Theory of change
type: DefinedTerm
description: An explicit, testable map of how and why a research project, programme or intervention is expected to lead to specified outcomes, identifying the causal pathway and necessary intermediate conditions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Impact evaluation
type: DefinedTerm
description: The systematic assessment of whether and how a research output, programme or portfolio has produced specific effects beyond academia.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Impact case study (REF)
type: DefinedTerm
description: See 'REF impact case study' (responsible-assessment). A structured narrative documenting how specific research has produced effects beyond academia, submitted as part of UK Research Excellence Framework assessment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Environmental impact
type: DefinedTerm
description: The contribution that research makes to environmental outcomes, including biodiversity, conservation, ecosystem services, climate, pollution reduction, sustainability and resource use.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Cultural impact
type: DefinedTerm
description: The contribution that research makes to cultural understanding, heritage, the arts, creative industries, and the ways societies make meaning of their past, present and future.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Policy impact
type: DefinedTerm
description: The contribution that research makes to the formulation, content or implementation of public policy at local, national or international levels.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Economic impact
type: DefinedTerm
description: The contribution that research makes to the economy, including productivity gains, new products and services, cost savings, employment, gross-value-added effects and competitiveness.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Societal impact
type: DefinedTerm
description: The contribution that research makes to society in terms of changes to social practices, public attitudes, community wellbeing, civic engagement, equity, or quality of life.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Academic impact
type: DefinedTerm
description: The contribution that research makes to the advancement of scientific knowledge and to other research communities, typically evidenced through citations, methods uptake, theoretical influence and training of researchers.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research impact
type: DefinedTerm
description: The demonstrable contribution that research makes to the economy, society, culture, public policy or services, health, the environment or quality of life beyond academia.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

OA monitoring
type: DefinedTerm
description: The systematic measurement and reporting of open-access publication uptake, compliance with OA policies, and progression toward open scholarship goals at institutional, funder or national level.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Knowledge equity index
type: DefinedTerm
description: A composite measure or framework that quantifies how equitably knowledge production, dissemination and access are distributed across geographies, languages, disciplines, demographics or career stages.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A set of principles published in 2015 (updated 2020) by Bilder, Lin and Neylon defining the governance, sustainability and insurance characteristics that scholarly infrastructure should have to be considered open and community-controlled.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open infrastructure (POSI principles)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Scholarly infrastructure that is community-governed, financially sustainable, and operationally transparent, in alignment with the Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Institutional waiver programme
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured arrangement by a publisher or institution that grants reductions or full waivers of article-processing or publication charges to authors who would otherwise face financial barriers to open-access publication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Author fee equity
type: DefinedTerm
description: The principle that author-side publication charges (APCs, page charges, submission fees) should not act as a barrier to publication, with equitable access ensured through waivers, transformative agreements, diamond OA alternatives or funder support.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Predatory journal
type: DefinedTerm
description: A journal that solicits and accepts manuscripts in exchange for fees without providing the editorial and peer-review services normally expected of a legitimate scholarly venue, often through deceptive marketing.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Multilingual scholarship
type: DefinedTerm
description: Scholarly communication that recognises, supports and produces research outputs in multiple languages, in contrast to English-only norms that dominate international academic publishing.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Geographic editorial diversity
type: DefinedTerm
description: The presence on a journal's editorial board, reviewer pool and authorship of researchers from a wide range of countries, regions and institutional types, especially including the Global South.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Equitable peer review
type: DefinedTerm
description: Peer-review practice that actively addresses structural inequities in reviewer recruitment, manuscript handling, language fairness and decision-making, to ensure that authors from under-represented regions, languages and demographics receive fair evaluation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Global-South publishing
type: DefinedTerm
description: Scholarly publishing originating from, owned by or serving researchers and communities in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia, the Pacific and other regions historically marginalised by Northern publishing infrastructures.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Plataforma S
type: DefinedTerm
description: An Iberoamerican open-science platform initiative aligning regional scholarly publishing infrastructures (Redalyc, AmeliCA, SciELO, Latindex) toward shared standards for diamond OA, multilingualism and data interoperability.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AfricArXiv
type: DefinedTerm
description: A community-led preprint repository for African researchers, established in 2018, providing a publishing venue for African scholarship in multiple African languages alongside English and French.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

African Open Science Platform (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A continental initiative coordinated by the African Academy of Sciences, NRF South Africa and partners, working to develop open-science infrastructure, policies and capacity across African research institutions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AmeliCA (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Open Knowledge for Latin America and the Global South, a multi-institutional initiative launched in 2018 that develops infrastructure, policies and advocacy for non-commercial, community-led open-access scholarly communication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

SciELO (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Scientific Electronic Library Online, an open-access publishing model and bibliographic database founded in Brazil in 1997, now a network of country collections across Latin America, the Caribbean, South Africa and beyond.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Redalyc (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A non-profit scientific information system, founded in 2003 at UAEM Mexico, that hosts and disseminates peer-reviewed open-access journals from Iberoamerica and beyond.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Latindex (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A regional online information system for scientific journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal, established in 1997 and coordinated from UNAM, Mexico.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Bibliodiversity (DOAJ/AmeliCA/Redalyc)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The principle that the global scholarly publishing ecosystem should support a plurality of languages, disciplines, geographies, business models and editorial communities, as articulated by initiatives such as DOAJ, AmeliCA, Redalyc and the Jussieu Call.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pure publish agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A contract between an institution or consortium and a publisher that covers only the open-access publication of the institution's authors, without bundled subscription reading access.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pure read agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A traditional subscription contract giving an institution access to read a publisher's content, with no open-access publishing component, in contrast to a transformative or pure publish agreement.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Transformative agreement (TA)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A time-limited contract between an institution or consortium and a publisher designed to shift the financial flow from subscription-based payment for access to payment for open-access publication, with the intent of converting subscription journals to fully OA.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Read-and-Publish agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: An agreement between an institution or consortium and a publisher that bundles the costs of reading subscription content with the costs of open-access publishing by the institution's authors in the publisher's journals into a single negotiated price.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Subscribe-to-Open (S2O)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A business model in which a journal flips to open access for a given year if enough institutional subscribers renew their subscriptions, with the same subscription price funding open publication instead of access control.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Diamond open access
type: DefinedTerm
description: A publication model in which scholarly content is freely available to read with no charges to either readers or authors, typically supported by institutional, scholarly-society or public funding.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Plan U (Preprint)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A 2019 proposal that funders mandate deposit of preprints in approved preprint servers as a route to immediate open access, complementing Plan S.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

cOAlition S
type: DefinedTerm
description: An international consortium of research funders, launched in 2018 by Science Europe, that collectively implements Plan S and advocates for full and immediate open access to research publications.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Plan S
type: DefinedTerm
description: An open-access publishing policy launched in September 2018 by cOAlition S requiring that, from January 2021, scholarly publications resulting from research funded by member organisations be made openly available immediately upon publication under an open licence.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Re-evaluation cycle
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scheduled, periodic review by a research-assessment system of its own indicators, criteria and processes to identify drift, unintended consequences and opportunities for reform.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Lifetime contribution lens
type: DefinedTerm
description: An assessment approach that evaluates a researcher's contributions across their whole career, rather than within a fixed recent window, especially for senior recognition such as fellowships, honours and emeritus appointments.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Career diversity
type: DefinedTerm
description: Recognition in research assessment of diverse career paths, trajectories and mobility patterns, including industry experience, intersectoral mobility, career breaks, part-time work and non-linear progression.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Process diversity (in assessment)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Recognition in research assessment of the diverse research processes researchers contribute to, including teaching, mentoring, peer review, leadership, software engineering, data curation, public engagement and policy work.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Output diversification
type: DefinedTerm
description: The recognition in research assessment of a wide range of research outputs beyond journal articles, including datasets, software, protocols, registered reports, policy briefs, creative works and practitioner publications.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Peer review (in assessment)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of expert qualitative judgement by relevant peers to evaluate research outputs, researchers, proposals or environments, distinct from peer review of journal manuscripts.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Quantitative-qualitative balance
type: DefinedTerm
description: The principle in responsible assessment that quantitative indicators should support, not supplant, qualitative expert judgement and that both forms of evidence should be combined transparently.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Responsible metrics
type: DefinedTerm
description: An approach to using quantitative indicators in research assessment that emphasises robustness, humility, transparency, diversity and reflexivity, as articulated in the 2015 Metric Tide report.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Twitter mentions (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An altmetric signal counting public posts on Twitter (rebranded to X in 2023) that include a link or identifier referring to a specific research output.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mendeley readership
type: DefinedTerm
description: An altmetric signal derived from the count of users who have added a research article to their personal library in the Mendeley reference manager.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Relative Citation Ratio (RCR, NIH)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An article-level field-normalised citation metric developed by the US National Institutes of Health, expressing an article's citations per year relative to the median in the article's co-citation network, with a value of 1.0 corresponding to NIH-funded median performance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An article-level citation indicator, published by Elsevier (SciVal/Scopus), that normalises an article's citation count against the average for outputs of the same publication year, document type and subject field, with 1.0 representing the world average.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Article-level metrics
type: DefinedTerm
description: Indicators reported at the level of an individual article rather than the journal in which it was published, typically including citations, views, downloads, saves and altmetric signals.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Altmetrics
type: DefinedTerm
description: A family of indicators that capture attention to and engagement with research outputs across non-traditional sources such as social media, news outlets, policy documents, blogs, Wikipedia and reference managers.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

h-index
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher-level metric proposed by Jorge Hirsch in 2005, defined as the largest number h such that the researcher has published h papers each cited at least h times.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CiteScore
type: DefinedTerm
description: A journal-level metric published by Elsevier (Scopus) since 2016 that measures the average number of citations received in a given year by documents published in that journal during the previous four years.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Journal Impact Factor (JIF)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An annual journal-level metric, published by Clarivate in the Journal Citation Reports, equal to the average number of citations in a given year to articles published in that journal during the preceding two years.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Personal statement (research assessment)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short narrative section in a researcher CV, grant application or assessment dossier in which the researcher explains, in their own voice, the context, motivation and significance of their work and contributions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Biosketch (NIH-style)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A five-page structured CV format mandated by the US National Institutes of Health for grant applications, organised around a personal statement, positions and honours, contributions to science, and a research-support section.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

R4RI mandate (UKRI 2024)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The UK Research and Innovation policy, fully effective in 2024, requiring applicants and reviewers in most UKRI funding opportunities to use the R4RI-derived narrative CV ('Resume for Research and Innovation') instead of traditional academic CVs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

R4RI (Resume for Researchers / Royal Society narrative CV)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A narrative-style CV template originally developed by the Royal Society in 2019 that captures a researcher's contributions across four modules rather than relying on a list of publications and metrics.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

REF 2029
type: DefinedTerm
description: The next planned cycle of the UK Research Excellence Framework, currently scheduled with a submission deadline in 2028 and results in 2029, with substantial design changes following the Future Research Assessment Programme.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

REF 2021
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2021 cycle of the UK Research Excellence Framework, whose results were published in May 2022, assessing research produced between 2014 and 2020.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

REF impact case study
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured narrative submission to the REF describing how research from a UK institution has produced demonstrable effects, change or benefit beyond academia.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

REF (Research Excellence Framework, UK)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The UK's national exercise for assessing the quality of research in higher education institutions, used to inform the selective allocation of quality-related (QR) research funding.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Metric Tide Review
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2022-2023 re-examination of the original Metric Tide report, also chaired by James Wilsdon for Research England, which reviewed how responsible-metrics principles had been implemented since 2015.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Metric Tide Report
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2015 independent review of the role of metrics in UK research assessment, commissioned by HEFCE and chaired by James Wilsdon, which introduced the concept of 'responsible metrics'.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Leiden Manifesto
type: DefinedTerm
description: A 2015 set of ten principles for the responsible use of quantitative indicators in research evaluation, authored by Hicks, Wouters, Waltman, de Rijcke and Rafols.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Hong Kong Principles for Assessing Researchers
type: DefinedTerm
description: A set of five principles published in 2020 to guide the assessment of researchers in ways that reward research integrity and trustworthy practice rather than productivity alone.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CoARA Agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2022 Agreement on Reforming Research Assessment that sets out ten commitments members of CoARA undertake to implement in their evaluation policies and practices.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CoARA (Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A multi-stakeholder coalition launched in 2022 to coordinate the reform of research assessment across institutions, funders and learned societies, primarily in Europe but with global membership.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DORA signatory
type: DefinedTerm
description: An individual or organisation that has formally endorsed the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment by registering its commitment on the DORA website.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DORA (San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A 2012 declaration urging that research assessment stop relying on journal-based metrics, particularly the Journal Impact Factor, as proxies for the quality of individual research outputs or researchers.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Benefit-sharing agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal arrangement specifying how the benefits arising from research, use of Traditional Knowledge, or use of biocultural resources are shared with the communities from which the knowledge or resources originate.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Community-controlled research
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research in which the community whose members, knowledge, lands, or resources are the focus exercises decisive authority over research questions, design, conduct, data governance, and dissemination.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Indigenous community review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal or community-designed review process through which an Indigenous community evaluates and decides upon proposed research, data use, or other activities that affect the community, its members, or its territories.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Cultural protocol
type: DefinedTerm
description: The established practices, norms, and expectations of an Indigenous community governing engagement with the community, its members, its knowledge, and its territories.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The right of Indigenous Peoples to give or withhold consent to actions affecting them, their territories, or their resources, where consent is freely given, sought sufficiently in advance, and based on full and accessible information about the proposed activity.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Biocultural labels
type: DefinedTerm
description: Community-controlled metadata labels developed within the Local Contexts framework to communicate Indigenous Peoples' interests, provenance, and protocols associated with biocultural and genetic data and specimens.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Local Contexts (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A framework and supporting infrastructure that enables Indigenous communities to manage and communicate their cultural and intellectual property and provenance through Traditional Knowledge Labels, Biocultural Labels, and institutional Notices.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Traditional Knowledge Labels
type: DefinedTerm
description: Community-controlled metadata labels that communicate Indigenous community protocols, permissions, and expectations attached to Traditional Knowledge and associated data, developed through the Local Contexts initiative.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Traditional Knowledge (TK)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Knowledge, know-how, skills, innovations, and practices developed, sustained, and passed on within Indigenous and local communities, often forming part of their cultural and spiritual identity.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Matauranga Maori
type: DefinedTerm
description: Maori knowledge: the body of knowledge, ways of knowing, and practices held by Maori communities, encompassing language, customs, environmental knowledge, history, and worldview.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Maiam nayri Wingara
type: DefinedTerm
description: An Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander data sovereignty collective in Australia, advocating for Indigenous Data Sovereignty principles in Australian data systems, research, and government.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Te Mana Raraunga
type: DefinedTerm
description: The Maori Data Sovereignty Network in Aotearoa New Zealand, advocating for Maori rights and interests in data and articulating principles of Maori Data Sovereignty grounded in Te Tiriti o Waitangi and tikanga.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

OCAP Principles
type: DefinedTerm
description: The First Nations principles of Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession, asserting that First Nations have control over data collection processes and that they own and control how this information can be used, stewarded by FNIGC.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

FNIGC (First Nations Information Governance Centre)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A First Nations-led non-profit organisation in Canada that asserts data sovereignty by promoting and supporting First Nations communities in stewarding information, and is the custodian and disseminator of the OCAP Principles.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Indigenous Data Governance
type: DefinedTerm
description: The principles, structures, mechanisms, and processes through which Indigenous Peoples exercise authority over the collection, access, use, and stewardship of data about themselves, their territories, resources, and ways of life.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

GIDA (Global Indigenous Data Alliance)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An international network of Indigenous-led organisations and individuals advancing Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Indigenous Data Governance globally, and the source of the CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Indigenous Data Sovereignty
type: DefinedTerm
description: The recognition of Indigenous Peoples' inherent and inalienable rights and interests relating to the collection, ownership, application, and stewardship of data about their peoples, lifeways, territories, and resources.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CARE Principles
type: DefinedTerm
description: A set of principles for Indigenous data governance articulated by the Global Indigenous Data Alliance in 2019, encompassing Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics, intended to complement the FAIR data principles with people- and purpose-oriented obligations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open vs closed research
type: DefinedTerm
description: The distinction between research conducted with the intent to disseminate findings broadly through publication and other open channels, and research subject to restrictions on dissemination, foreign-national access, or publication imposed by sponsor, classification, or contractual terms.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Five Eyes alliance (research context)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The intelligence-sharing partnership between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, increasingly invoked as a coordinating channel for aligned research security policies among the five countries.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

JASON Report on research security
type: DefinedTerm
description: A 2019 report by the JASON advisory group, commissioned by the US National Science Foundation, analysing risks to fundamental research from foreign government influence and recommending a transparency-and-disclosure-based response rather than restrictive measures.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CHIPS and Science Act
type: DefinedTerm
description: A 2022 United States federal statute that authorises substantial public investment in semiconductor manufacturing and scientific research, and incorporates significant research security provisions affecting federally-funded researchers and institutions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Trusted research framework (UK)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The United Kingdom guidance and supporting tools developed by the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (now NPSA) in collaboration with UKRI and university bodies, providing practical advice to researchers and institutions on managing risks of international research collaboration.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Joint appointment (foreign)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal appointment in which a researcher holds simultaneous positions at their primary institution and a foreign institution, each with defined roles, time commitments, and supervisory relationships.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Visiting scholar agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A written agreement between a host institution and a visiting researcher (and frequently their home institution) defining the terms, duration, access, intellectual property, and compliance expectations of the visit.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Deemed export
type: DefinedTerm
description: The release of controlled US technology or source code to a foreign national, even within the United States, that is treated under export control regulations as an export to the foreign national's country of nationality.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Fundamental research exemption
type: DefinedTerm
description: A provision in US export control regulations exempting basic and applied research, conducted at accredited institutions of higher education, the results of which are ordinarily published and shared broadly within the scientific community, from many export licensing requirements.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Export-controlled research
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research subject to government regulations restricting the transfer of certain items, software, technologies, or technical data to foreign persons, foreign destinations, or end uses, regardless of whether transfer occurs domestically or internationally.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Controlled unclassified information (CUI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: United States government information that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls pursuant to law, regulation, or government-wide policy, but is not classified under Executive Order 13526 or the Atomic Energy Act.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sensitive technology
type: DefinedTerm
description: A technology area designated by national authorities as having potential national security, economic security, or strategic significance, warranting heightened due diligence and protective measures in research and innovation activities.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Undue foreign influence
type: DefinedTerm
description: The exertion of pressure, control, or hidden incentives by a foreign government or its proxies that distorts research conduct, integrity, or outputs to advance the interests of that foreign state at the expense of the funding country, host institution, or scientific community.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Foreign talent recruitment programme
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal or informal arrangement sponsored, organised, or supported by a foreign state, instrumentality, or affiliated entity to recruit researchers based abroad, typically offering compensation, resources, or other benefits in exchange for affiliations, research outputs, or services.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

In-kind contribution disclosure
type: DefinedTerm
description: The disclosure of non-monetary support provided in support of research, including access to laboratories, equipment, materials, personnel, data, or computational resources, regardless of whether a financial transaction occurs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pending grants disclosure
type: DefinedTerm
description: The disclosure of all research proposals submitted but not yet awarded or declined at the time of application, including those under review and those awaiting submission decision.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Active grants disclosure
type: DefinedTerm
description: The disclosure of all research grants currently providing financial or in-kind support to an investigator at the time of application or progress report.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Other support (NIH format)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The NIH-specific disclosure document listing all resources made available to a researcher in support of their research endeavours, including financial support and in-kind contributions, regardless of relevance to the NIH-funded project.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Current and pending support
type: DefinedTerm
description: A standardised disclosure of all current, pending, and in-kind sources of research support available to an investigator, regardless of monetary value, funding source, or relationship to the proposed work.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Foreign component disclosure
type: DefinedTerm
description: The disclosure of any significant scientific element or segment of a federally-funded research project performed outside the awardee country, including collaborators, resources, or activities conducted abroad.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research security policy
type: DefinedTerm
description: An institutional or governmental policy framework that establishes safeguards, disclosures, and review processes intended to protect research integrity, intellectual property, sensitive data, and national interests from undue foreign influence or unauthorised transfer.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

NSPM-33
type: DefinedTerm
description: United States National Security Presidential Memorandum 33, issued January 2021, directing federal research agencies to standardise disclosure requirements for researchers receiving federal funding and to strengthen protections against foreign government interference in the US research enterprise.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ICH GCP (Good Clinical Practice)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The International Council for Harmonisation E6 guideline establishing an international ethical and scientific quality standard for the design, conduct, recording, and reporting of clinical trials involving human participants, compliance with which provides public assurance that the rights, safety, and wellbeing of trial participants are protected and that trial data are credible.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Conflict of interest disclosure
type: DefinedTerm
description: The institutional process by which investigators report significant financial interests, fiduciary relationships, and other competing interests that could directly and significantly affect the design, conduct, or reporting of their research, enabling the institution to assess and manage, reduce, or eliminate identified conflicts.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data processor
type: DefinedTerm
description: A natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that processes personal data on behalf of the controller, as defined in Article 4(8) of the GDPR, only on documented instructions from the controller and bound by a written contract meeting Article 28 requirements.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data controller
type: DefinedTerm
description: The natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data, as defined in Article 4(7) of the GDPR.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Privacy by design
type: DefinedTerm
description: The obligation under Article 25 of the GDPR for a controller to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures at the time of determination of the means of processing and at the time of processing itself in order to implement data-protection principles effectively and integrate the necessary safeguards into the processing.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A documented assessment required under Article 35 of the GDPR where a type of processing is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, describing the processing, assessing necessity, proportionality, and risks, and identifying mitigating measures.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Right to erasure
type: DefinedTerm
description: The right under Article 17 of the GDPR for a data subject to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning them without undue delay where one of the grounds in Article 17(1) applies and no exception in Article 17(3) operates.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data subject rights (GDPR)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The collective set of rights conferred on identifiable individuals by Chapter III of the GDPR (Articles 12-22), including the rights to be informed, of access, to rectification, to erasure, to restriction of processing, to data portability, to object, and not to be subject to solely automated decision-making with legal or similarly significant effects.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Withdrawal of consent
type: DefinedTerm
description: The exercise by a research participant of the right to revoke their consent to ongoing participation in research, after which the investigator must cease prospective collection of data or biospecimens from that participant and apply the protocol-specified handling of data already collected.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Dynamic consent
type: DefinedTerm
description: A consent model implemented via a secure digital platform that enables participants to grant, modify, or withdraw consent for specific research uses over time and to receive ongoing communication about studies that use their data or samples.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Broad consent
type: DefinedTerm
description: A regulatory consent option introduced by the 2018 revised Common Rule at §46.116(d) by which a subject consents prospectively to the storage, maintenance, and secondary research use of identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens for future unspecified studies, subject to the elements enumerated in that paragraph.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Informed consent
type: DefinedTerm
description: The voluntary agreement of a prospective research participant, or their legally authorised representative, to take part in a specific research activity, given after disclosure of the information required by the applicable regulation and free from coercion or undue influence.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

HIPAA Privacy Rule
type: DefinedTerm
description: The US federal regulation at 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164 Subparts A and E that establishes national standards for the protection of individually identifiable health information held or transmitted by covered entities and their business associates, requiring authorisation, a waiver, or another permitted basis for any use or disclosure for research.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The European Union regulation that governs the processing of personal data of individuals in the EU, requiring a lawful basis for processing, transparency to data subjects, data-minimisation, security, and accountability, with extraterritorial application where data subjects in the EU are targeted or monitored.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Confidentiality agreement (NDA)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A contract by which one or more parties agree to keep specified non-public information in confidence and to use it only for a defined purpose for a defined period, typically as a precursor to scientific discussions or contract negotiations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data Sharing Agreement (DSA)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A contract between two or more parties that governs the bidirectional or multilateral exchange of data, allocating responsibilities for data quality, security, lawful basis, sub-processor use, and any controller-to-controller or joint-controller obligations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data Use Agreement (DUA)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A contractual instrument required before a recipient may access an identifiable, restricted, or limited dataset that defines permitted uses, security obligations, re-disclosure prohibitions, destruction requirements, and breach-notification duties.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Material Transfer Agreement (MTA)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A bilateral contract governing the transfer of tangible research materials between two institutions that defines permitted uses, ownership of the original material and derivatives, publication rights, liability, and onward-transfer restrictions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Common Rule (45 CFR 46)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The US federal policy for the protection of human subjects codified at 45 CFR Part 46 Subpart A and adopted by twenty federal departments and agencies, which applies to all non-exempt human-subjects research conducted or supported by those agencies.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An institutionally appointed committee constituted under the US Animal Welfare Act regulations and the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals that reviews and approves all proposed activities involving vertebrate animals before such activities may begin.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

REC (Research Ethics Committee)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A UK or EU committee constituted to provide an independent ethical opinion on a research proposal involving human participants, their tissue, or their identifiable data before the research may lawfully commence.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

IRB (Institutional Review Board)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An institutionally designated committee constituted under 45 CFR 46.107 that reviews, approves, requires modification of, or disapproves research involving human subjects before any such research may be initiated at the institution.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Whistleblower (research)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A person who, in good faith, raises a concern about possible research misconduct, breach of research integrity, or other serious wrongdoing in a research context. The label applies when the concern is reported through a recognised channel and the reporter would benefit from protections against retaliation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Expression of concern
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal post-publication notice issued by a journal to alert readers to substantive concerns about a published article when the journal cannot yet conclude that retraction or correction is the appropriate outcome. An expression of concern is appropriate when concerns are credible but unresolved, often pending an institutional investigation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Correction (corrigendum)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal post-publication notice that amends an error in a published article without invalidating its overall conclusions. A correction is appropriate when the error is bounded and the central findings remain reliable; a retraction is appropriate when the conclusions are unreliable.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Retraction
type: DefinedTerm
description: The formal withdrawal of a published article from the literature by the journal, with a public retraction notice explaining the reason. An article is retracted when the journal determines that its findings are unreliable due to misconduct, honest error, or other invalidating factors.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Hong Kong Principles (2020)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Five principles for assessing researchers, articulated by Moher and colleagues at the 6th World Conference on Research Integrity in Hong Kong (2019) and published in 2020, designed to incentivise responsible research practices through hiring, promotion, and funding decisions. An institution adheres to the principles if its assessment processes embody all five.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Singapore Statement on Research Integrity (2010)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short framework statement of four principles and fourteen responsibilities for the responsible conduct of research, adopted at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity in Singapore in 2010. It is referenced as a foundational global statement rather than a regulatory instrument.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ENRIO
type: DefinedTerm
description: The European Network of Research Integrity Offices, a network of national research-integrity bodies and offices across European countries that share practices, case experience, and policy positions. An organisation joins ENRIO by application from a national body with a research-integrity remit.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

UKRIO
type: DefinedTerm
description: The UK Research Integrity Office, an independent advisory body providing confidential, expert advice on research integrity matters to UK research organisations and researchers. A query falls within UKRIO's remit if it concerns the conduct or governance of research in a UK context.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORI (US Office of Research Integrity)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The US federal office within the Department of Health and Human Services that oversees and monitors investigations of research misconduct involving Public Health Service-funded research. A case is in ORI's jurisdiction if PHS funds (NIH, CDC, FDA, etc.) supported the research at issue.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An international membership organisation providing standards, guidance, and case-by-case advice on publication ethics to editors and publishers. A journal is a COPE member if it adheres to the COPE Core Practices and pays the membership fee.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Citation cartel
type: DefinedTerm
description: A group of authors, editors, or journals that systematically cite one another's work beyond what the science would warrant, in order to inflate citation-based metrics. A pattern is cartel-like when the citation flows between members are dramatically denser than flows to comparable non-members.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Tortured phrases
type: DefinedTerm
description: Unusual paraphrases of established technical terminology that result from automated synonym substitution, often used to evade plagiarism detection. A phrase is tortured when a domain reader recognises it as a mangled rendition of a standard term.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Paper mill
type: DefinedTerm
description: A commercial operation that produces fabricated or low-effort manuscripts and sells authorship slots, or that brokers acceptance of such manuscripts into journals. A submission originates from a paper mill if the underlying research was not conducted by the named authors or was fabricated to order.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Image duplication
type: DefinedTerm
description: The undisclosed reuse of an image, or portion of an image, to represent a different experimental condition, time point, or sample. Duplication is problematic when the figure legend implies the images are distinct sources.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Image manipulation
type: DefinedTerm
description: Adjustment of a research image (gel, blot, microscopy, etc.) in a way that misrepresents the underlying data or violates journal image-integrity policies. Manipulation is problematic when it changes the conclusion a reader would draw or when it would not survive disclosure.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Coercive citation
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice by editors or reviewers of pressuring authors to add citations that are not scientifically warranted, typically to the journal or to the reviewer's own work, as a condition of acceptance. A request is coercive when no substantive scientific reason is given and the citations would not otherwise be added.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Gift authorship
type: DefinedTerm
description: The inclusion as an author of a person who did not meet the substantive authorship criteria, typically as a courtesy, in exchange for resources, or for prestige. An authorship is a gift when removing the named person would not require any change to the manuscript.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Ghost authorship
type: DefinedTerm
description: The undisclosed substantial contribution to a manuscript by a person not listed as an author or named in the acknowledgements. A contribution is ghost-written when, by ICMJE criteria, it would have warranted authorship had it been disclosed.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Authorship dispute
type: DefinedTerm
description: A disagreement between contributors over who should be listed as an author, in what order, or with what role designation. A dispute is formally recognised when raised through an institutional process or with the journal.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Salami slicing
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of dividing a single coherent body of research into the smallest publishable units to maximise paper count. Outputs are salami-sliced when separating them obscures rather than clarifies the research and when readers must reassemble multiple papers to understand the whole.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Duplicate publication
type: DefinedTerm
description: Publishing the same study, or substantially the same study, in more than one venue without cross-reference and editorial permission. Two articles are duplicates if they share the same hypothesis, sample, methods, and core results to a degree that a meta-analyst would not treat them as independent.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Self-plagiarism
type: DefinedTerm
description: Reusing substantial portions of one's own previously published work in a new publication without disclosure or appropriate citation. A reuse qualifies if a reader is led to believe the material is new when it is not.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Plagiarism
type: DefinedTerm
description: The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. A passage or idea counts as plagiarised if a reasonable reader would attribute it to the new author when the substance originated with someone else.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Falsification
type: DefinedTerm
description: Manipulating research materials, equipment, processes, or data such that the research record does not accurately represent the actual results. A modification qualifies if it is undisclosed and changes the conclusions a reader would draw.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Fabrication
type: DefinedTerm
description: Making up data or results and recording or reporting them as if real. A finding is fabricated if no underlying experiment, observation, or measurement actually produced it.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research misconduct
type: DefinedTerm
description: Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism (FFP) in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. An act qualifies if it is a significant departure from accepted practices, committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly, and proven by a preponderance of evidence.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research integrity
type: DefinedTerm
description: The adherence to professional values and practices (honesty, rigour, transparency, accountability, fairness) such that research can be trusted by other researchers and by society. A practice exhibits research integrity if it could be openly described to peers without embarrassment or sanction.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Synthetic benchmark
type: DefinedTerm
description: A benchmark whose evaluation items are wholly or partially generated by another model or procedural method, rather than collected from natural human-produced sources, used to probe specific capabilities or to scale evaluation cheaply.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A training methodology in which a language model is fine-tuned using a reward signal derived from human preferences over pairs (or larger sets) of candidate model outputs, typically by first training a reward model and then optimising the policy against it via PPO or a related algorithm.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Constitutional AI (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A training methodology in which a model is trained to align its outputs with a written set of principles ('a constitution'), with the model itself used to critique and revise candidate responses against those principles in place of direct human feedback at scale.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Prompt injection
type: DefinedTerm
description: An attack on a language-model-based system in which adversarial instructions, embedded in untrusted input (a document, web page, tool output, image), cause the model to act in ways that diverge from its developer's or user's intent.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Jailbreak (LLM)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A prompt or interaction pattern that causes a language model to bypass its safety training and produce outputs the model was tuned to refuse, such as harmful instructions, restricted content, or violations of provider policy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Red-teaming
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of deliberately adversarial testing of an AI system by skilled testers attempting to elicit failures, unsafe outputs, or policy violations, in order to discover weaknesses before deployment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI safety case
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured, evidence-based argument that an AI system is acceptably safe to deploy in a defined context, modelled on safety cases from established engineering disciplines (nuclear, aviation, medical devices).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI evaluation card
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured documentation artefact specifically describing an evaluation of an AI system, separate from the model card, including the evaluation methodology, datasets, metrics, results, and known limitations of the evaluation itself.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reproducible AI experiment
type: DefinedTerm
description: An AI experiment for which sufficient artefacts and metadata are released (data, code, seed, environment, hyperparameters, training procedure) that an independent investigator can re-run it and obtain numerically equivalent or statistically indistinguishable results.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open-source model (criteria)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A model meeting the criteria articulated by the Open Source Initiative's Open Source AI Definition: open data information, open code, and open weights, with each released under terms compatible with the OSI's freedoms to use, study, modify, and share.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open weights model
type: DefinedTerm
description: A model whose trained parameter values are publicly released and downloadable, typically under a named licence, distinct from but often described as 'open' even when training data and code are not released.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model weight licence
type: DefinedTerm
description: The licence terms governing the use, modification, and redistribution of a model's trained weights, which may differ from the licence on the training code and the licence on the training data.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model checkpoint
type: DefinedTerm
description: A saved snapshot of a model's parameters (and optionally optimiser state) at a specific point in training, identified by a step number or version tag and serialised to a file format such as safetensors or .pt.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model evaluation suite
type: DefinedTerm
description: A defined collection of benchmarks, tasks, and metrics, with standardised prompting and decoding rules, used to characterise a model's capabilities and behaviour across a range of dimensions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model fine-tune lineage
type: DefinedTerm
description: The specific portion of model lineage that records the sequence of fine-tuning operations applied to a base model: dataset, method (SFT, DPO, RLHF, LoRA), hyperparameters, and resulting checkpoint identifier.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model lineage
type: DefinedTerm
description: The chain of provenance for a model recording its base model, the fine-tuning datasets and procedures applied, and any further derivatives, such that any deployed model can be traced back to its constituent training operations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Inference carbon footprint
type: DefinedTerm
description: The greenhouse-gas emissions associated with serving inference requests from a deployed model, typically expressed per-request (e.g., gCO2e per query) or in aggregate (kgCO2e per month).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Training carbon footprint
type: DefinedTerm
description: The total greenhouse-gas emissions, expressed in kilograms or tonnes of CO2-equivalent, attributable to training a machine-learning model, estimated from energy consumption and the carbon intensity of the electricity supply.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Compute (FLOPs estimate)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The total floating-point operations consumed by training a model, conventionally reported as a single number (e.g., 3.0 x 10^25 FLOPs) used as a regulatory and scientific proxy for training-run scale.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Training data composition
type: DefinedTerm
description: The mixture of data sources, by domain, language, modality, and provenance, used to train a model, including the proportions and any filtering or deduplication applied.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Parameter count
type: DefinedTerm
description: The total number of learnable scalar weights in a machine-learning model, conventionally reported as a count (e.g., 7B = 7 x 10^9 parameters) and disclosed as a basic model metadata field.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mixture-of-experts (MoE)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A neural-network architecture in which a learned router directs each input (or token) to a small subset of specialist sub-networks ('experts'), so that the model has a large total parameter count but uses only a fraction per forward pass.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Frontier model
type: DefinedTerm
description: A foundation model whose capabilities meet or exceed the most advanced publicly known systems at the time of training, often defined operationally by training-compute thresholds or by performance on canonical benchmarks.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Foundation model
type: DefinedTerm
description: A large machine-learning model trained on broad data at scale and adaptable to a wide range of downstream tasks through fine-tuning, prompting, or retrieval augmentation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

MMLU benchmark
type: DefinedTerm
description: The Massive Multitask Language Understanding benchmark, a 57-subject multiple-choice test covering elementary, high-school, college, and professional knowledge, designed to probe broad-coverage language-model knowledge.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

HELM benchmark
type: DefinedTerm
description: The Holistic Evaluation of Language Models benchmark, a multi-metric framework evaluating language models across accuracy, calibration, robustness, fairness, bias, toxicity, and efficiency on a fixed set of scenarios.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

BIG-bench
type: DefinedTerm
description: The Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark, a community-contributed collection of more than 200 tasks designed to probe capabilities of large language models that may be missed by narrower benchmarks.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

MLCommons benchmark
type: DefinedTerm
description: A benchmark published by the MLCommons consortium for measuring AI system performance under standardised workloads, datasets, and submission rules, with the principal suites being MLPerf Training, MLPerf Inference, and MLPerf HPC.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Hugging Face Hub (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A web-based platform and ecosystem for sharing machine-learning models, datasets, and demonstration applications ('Spaces'), with conventions for model cards, dataset cards, and versioned repositories.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

NIST AI RMF (Risk Management Framework)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The US National Institute of Standards and Technology's voluntary framework for managing risks associated with AI systems across the AI lifecycle, structured around the functions Govern, Map, Measure, and Manage.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ISO/IEC 42001 (AI management system)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An international standard, published in 2023, specifying requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an AI Management System within an organisation, structured analogously to ISO 9001 (quality) and ISO/IEC 27001 (information security).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI conformance assessment
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal evaluation, conducted by the AI system provider or a notified third-party body, demonstrating that an AI system meets the applicable regulatory or standard-based requirements before being placed on the market.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI assurance
type: DefinedTerm
description: The process of measuring, evaluating, and communicating the trustworthiness of AI systems through evidence-based mechanisms such as audits, certifications, impact assessments, and conformity declarations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Trustworthy AI
type: DefinedTerm
description: AI systems exhibiting properties (lawful, ethical, technically robust) that warrant the trust of users, affected parties, and society, as articulated in the EU High-Level Expert Group's framework and adopted in subsequent regulation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Responsible AI
type: DefinedTerm
description: An umbrella term covering the design, development, deployment, and governance practices intended to ensure AI systems are ethical, fair, transparent, accountable, robust, secure, and respectful of privacy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Use card
type: DefinedTerm
description: A documentation artefact recording an intended deployment context for a model or system, including the user population, the decisions the model informs, the supervision regime, and out-of-scope uses.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Algorithm card
type: DefinedTerm
description: A documentation artefact describing the algorithmic method or family (e.g., a particular gradient-boosting estimator, a clustering algorithm) independent of any particular trained instance, including inductive biases, assumptions, complexity, and intended use cases.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Bias audit (model)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An audit specifically focused on disparate model performance across demographic, geographic, or contextual sub-groups, including testing for direct, proxy, and intersectional disparities.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model audit
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured assessment of a machine-learning model by an independent party against pre-specified criteria covering performance, robustness, fairness, security, privacy, and conformance with stated policy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data statement (NLP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A standardised description of an NLP dataset covering curation rationale, language variety, speaker and annotator demographics, speech situation, text characteristics, and recording quality.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Datasheet for datasets
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured document accompanying a machine-learning dataset that records its motivation, composition, collection process, pre-processing, intended uses, distribution, and maintenance, modelled on electronic-component datasheets.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

System card
type: DefinedTerm
description: A documentation artefact describing an AI-enabled system in its production configuration, including the constituent models, the pre- and post-processing pipeline, safety filters, monitoring, and operational guardrails.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model card
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short, structured document accompanying a machine-learning model that records its intended use, training data, evaluation methodology, performance characteristics across population sub-groups, and known limitations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Scientific rigour
type: DefinedTerm
description: The strict application of the scientific method to ensure unbiased and well-controlled experimental design, methodology, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of results.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Authentication of key resources
type: DefinedTerm
description: The verification, by methods appropriate to the resource type, of the identity and integrity of biological and chemical materials used in research, including cell lines, antibodies, animal models, and specialty chemicals.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

NIH Rigor and Reproducibility policy
type: DefinedTerm
description: The set of US National Institutes of Health policies, effective from 2016, requiring applicants and grantees to address scientific premise, scientific rigour, biological variables (including sex as a biological variable), and authentication of key biological and chemical resources in grant applications.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

STROBE
type: DefinedTerm
description: The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, a 22-item checklist covering items that should be reported in cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PRISMA 2020
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2020 update of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses, a 27-item checklist with accompanying flow diagram for reporting systematic reviews.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CONSORT 2010
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2010 edition of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, a 25-item checklist and participant-flow diagram covering items that should be reported in any randomised controlled trial publication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ARRIVE 2.0
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2020 revision of the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines, a checklist of items that should be reported in any publication describing animal research, in order to enable assessment and replication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

TOP Guidelines
type: DefinedTerm
description: The Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines, an eight-standard framework for journal policies covering citation, data, materials, code, design, analysis, pre-registration, and replication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Crowdsourced replication
type: DefinedTerm
description: A coordinated effort in which many independent laboratories or teams attempt to replicate the same set of studies under pre-specified protocols, in order to estimate field-wide replicability.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Many-analysts study
type: DefinedTerm
description: A study design in which a single dataset and research question are given to multiple independent analysts or teams who proceed without coordination, and the distribution of their conclusions is then compared.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Researcher degrees of freedom
type: DefinedTerm
description: The decisions an analyst makes during a study (inclusion criteria, outcome definition, model specification, covariate set) any of which, if made differently, would yield a different result.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Garden of forking paths
type: DefinedTerm
description: The Gelman-Loken metaphor for the implicit, data-dependent multiplicity of analytical choices made in the course of an empirical study, even by analysts not engaged in explicit p-hacking.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Forking paths
type: DefinedTerm
description: The phenomenon by which the cumulative effect of many small, data-contingent analytical choices inflates false-positive rates even when each individual choice appears defensible.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

HARKing (Hypothesising After Results are Known)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Presenting a post-hoc hypothesis, formulated after data analysis, as if it had been the a priori hypothesis under test.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

P-hacking
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of selectively reporting or adjusting analytical choices in order to obtain a statistically significant p-value, typically below the conventional 0.05 threshold.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reproducibility audit
type: DefinedTerm
description: A systematic, post-publication examination of whether a study's published results can be obtained from its deposited data and code, typically performed by an independent analyst.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Code review (research software)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured review of research software by one or more peers, focused on correctness, clarity, documentation, testing, and fitness for purpose, conducted before publication or as part of community-curated software repositories.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Software citation (Software Citation Working Group)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of citing research software in the reference list of a publication, with sufficient metadata (authors, title, version, persistent identifier, role) to credit creators and enable retrieval of the cited version.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

FAIR4RS Software Citation Principles
type: DefinedTerm
description: An extension of the FAIR Guiding Principles to research software, articulating that software should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable, with the precise interpretations adapted to software's distinctive properties (executability, versioning, dependencies).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reproducible Research Practices (RRP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The set of disciplinary norms, tools, and habits that together raise the probability that published research will be reproducible: literate programming, version control, dependency pinning, data deposit, code release, and reporting standards.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Nextflow (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A workflow orchestration system based on dataflow programming with a Groovy-based domain-specific language, designed for scalable, container-native, multi-platform execution of computational pipelines.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Snakemake (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A Python-based workflow management system that expresses computational pipelines as rules with explicit inputs, outputs, and shell or script bodies, and infers a directed acyclic graph (DAG) of jobs from those rules.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Container image (Docker/Singularity/Apptainer)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A packaged, immutable filesystem and configuration that contains an application together with all its dependencies, runnable identically on any compatible container engine (Docker, Podman, Singularity, Apptainer).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Workflow language (CWL/WDL)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A declarative specification language for describing multi-step computational analyses such that the steps, their inputs and outputs, and their software dependencies are portable across compatible workflow execution engines.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Computational environment
type: DefinedTerm
description: The full software and hardware context in which an analysis runs, including operating system, language runtime, library versions, configuration, environment variables, and hardware-specific dependencies (e.g., GPU drivers).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Code availability statement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A statement in a published article describing where the source code used in the study can be obtained, under what licence, and at what version, typically required by journal policy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data availability statement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A statement in a published article describing where the data underlying the study can be found, the conditions of access, and any restrictions, typically required by journal policy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open data
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of making research data freely available for any user to access, use, modify, and share, subject only to attribution requirements, typically through deposit in a public repository under an open licence.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open materials
type: DefinedTerm
description: The release of the non-data, non-code materials used in a study (stimuli, survey instruments, experimental protocols, training materials, intervention manuals) such that future investigators can re-implement the procedure.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open code
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of releasing the source code used in a study, under an open-source licence, alongside the publication, such that any reader may inspect, reuse, and re-execute the analysis.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Robustness check
type: DefinedTerm
description: An additional analysis, supplementary to the headline result, that varies one or more analytical choices in order to demonstrate that the main conclusion is not artefactual to those choices.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Multiverse analysis
type: DefinedTerm
description: An analytical approach in which all reasonable combinations of data-processing and modelling choices are executed, producing a distribution of results that displays the impact of researcher degrees of freedom on the conclusion.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Specification curve
type: DefinedTerm
description: An analytic and visual technique that plots the estimated effect across a large set of theoretically defensible model specifications, ordered by effect size, to convey the sensitivity of the result to analytical choices.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pre-analysis plan
type: DefinedTerm
description: A detailed, time-stamped document specifying the statistical models, variable transformations, exclusion criteria, and inference rules to be applied to a dataset, lodged before the analyst sees the outcome data.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pre-registration
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of publicly recording a study's hypotheses, design, sample, and analysis plan in a time-stamped registry before data collection or (in secondary-data work) before data access, in order to distinguish pre-specified from post-hoc analyses.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reproducibility crisis
type: DefinedTerm
description: The widely reported finding that substantial proportions of published research, particularly in biomedical, psychological, and social sciences, fail to reproduce or replicate when re-tested.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Inferential reproducibility
type: DefinedTerm
description: The degree to which independent analysts reach the same qualitative scientific conclusion from the same data, even where their analytical choices differ.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Results reproducibility
type: DefinedTerm
description: The narrow sense in which a study's reported quantitative results can be recreated from the deposited data using the deposited analysis procedures.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Methods reproducibility
type: DefinedTerm
description: The degree to which a study's methods are reported in sufficient detail that another investigator could re-implement them, independent of whether the same numerical or empirical results would follow.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Empirical reproducibility
type: DefinedTerm
description: The ability to obtain consistent observations when an empirical procedure (laboratory, field, or measurement) is independently repeated under matched conditions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Computational reproducibility
type: DefinedTerm
description: The narrow technical sense of reproducibility: obtaining the same numerical outputs from the same data and code, on a comparable computational environment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Generalisability
type: DefinedTerm
description: The extent to which a study's findings extend to populations, settings, or conditions other than those directly sampled.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Robustness
type: DefinedTerm
description: The stability of a study's conclusions under reasonable variations in analytical choices, model specification, sample inclusion, or measurement, on the same data.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Replicability
type: DefinedTerm
description: The ability to obtain consistent results when an independent investigator collects new data using the same study design and analysis procedures.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reproducibility
type: DefinedTerm
description: The ability to obtain consistent computational or analytical results when the same data and analysis procedures are applied by an independent investigator using the same code and tools.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sensitive-data handling (in DMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The section of a DMP that documents the categories of sensitive data involved (personal, special category, commercially confidential, indigenous, security-restricted), the legal basis for processing, and the technical and organisational measures applied.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sharing commitment (in DMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A statement in a DMP specifying which datasets will be shared, to whom, on what licence, with what timing relative to project end, and through which infrastructure.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Retention period (in DMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The minimum duration for which a specified dataset will be retained after project end, expressed as a calendar period and recorded as part of the DMP's preservation commitments.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Preservation commitment (in DMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A statement in a DMP specifying which datasets will be preserved beyond project end, in which repository, for how long, and under what conditions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Cost element (in DMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A line item in a DMP describing a financial commitment associated with data management, such as repository deposit fees, long-term storage, data steward time, or anonymisation services.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Output management plan (OMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A broader successor concept to the DMP that covers all categories of research output (data, software, samples, protocols, models, publications) within a single management plan.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Software management plan (SMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured plan covering how research software will be developed, documented, licensed, tested, released, and maintained over a project's lifetime, increasingly required alongside or as an extension of a DMP.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data steward role (in DMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A named individual or role accountable for the day-to-day execution of a DMP's commitments, typically distinct from the principal investigator and reported in the DMP's contributor metadata.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP component
type: DefinedTerm
description: A discrete, reusable section of a DMP corresponding to a logical entity (project, dataset, contributor, host, cost, security_and_privacy) as modelled in the RDA DMP Common Standard.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP compliance check
type: DefinedTerm
description: An automated or rules-based verification that a DMP satisfies the structural and policy requirements of a specific funder, institution, or standard, typically returning a binary or itemised pass/fail outcome.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP assessment
type: DefinedTerm
description: The structured rating of a DMP against a published rubric to produce a comparable score across plans, used in funder evaluation, institutional benchmarking, and capacity-building.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal or informal evaluation of a DMP by a peer, data steward, librarian, or funder reviewer against quality criteria such as completeness, plausibility, and policy alignment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Living DMP
type: DefinedTerm
description: A DMP that is versioned, citable, and intended to evolve over the life of the project, with each significant change captured as a new version of the plan.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Static DMP
type: DefinedTerm
description: A DMP that is produced at a single point in time (typically grant submission) and not subsequently updated, regardless of whether the project's data realities evolve.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Active DMP
type: DefinedTerm
description: A DMP that is actively maintained, updated, and queried during project execution, typically in machine-actionable form, in contrast to a one-off document filed at proposal stage.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP closeout phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The final phase of the DMP lifecycle, at or after project end, when the plan is reconciled against actual outputs, preservation commitments are confirmed, and the DMP is archived as part of the project record.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP active phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The phase of the DMP lifecycle during project execution, when the plan is iteratively updated as data are actually generated, processed, and deposited.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP creation phase
type: DefinedTerm
description: The phase of the DMP lifecycle covering initial drafting, typically at grant-proposal stage, when data types, volumes, and intended sharing arrangements are projected rather than known.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP lifecycle
type: DefinedTerm
description: The set of phases through which a Data Management Plan passes from initial drafting at proposal stage, through active project execution, to project closeout and post-project preservation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP RDA-JSON-LD
type: DefinedTerm
description: A JSON-LD context and ontology rendering of the RDA DMP Common Standard, enabling DMP graphs to be expressed as linked data and merged with other research-information graphs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ezDMP
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funder-focused DMP creation service that guides researchers through funder-specific (originally US NSF directorates') requirements and produces both narrative and structured outputs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DataDMP
type: DefinedTerm
description: A DMP authoring and management platform developed in Germany that implements the RDA DMP Common Standard and emphasises integration with institutional research-data infrastructures.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Argos (OpenAIRE)
type: DefinedTerm
description: OpenAIRE's open-source DMP authoring service, designed from the outset around the RDA DMP Common Standard and integrated with European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) and OpenAIRE Research Graph services.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMPonline (DCC product)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The UK Digital Curation Centre's hosted instance of the DMPRoadmap platform, providing DMP authoring for UK and international institutions against funder-specific templates.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMPRoadmap (DMP Tool)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An open-source Ruby on Rails platform for creating, reviewing, and exporting Data Management Plans, jointly developed by the UK Digital Curation Centre and the University of California Curation Center, and deployed under different brands (notably DMPonline and DMPTool).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP machine-readable expression
type: DefinedTerm
description: The structured serialisation of a DMP's content in a format (JSON, JSON-LD, XML) that conforming software can parse, validate, and act upon without human re-interpretation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP narrative
type: DefinedTerm
description: The human-readable prose portion of a Data Management Plan, typically organised under the headings of the applicable funder or institutional template.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DMP template
type: DefinedTerm
description: A funder-, institution-, or community-specific structured set of questions and guidance used to elicit the content of a Data Management Plan from researchers.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

RDA DMP Common Standard
type: DefinedTerm
description: A community-developed application profile, maintained by the Research Data Alliance DMP Common Standards Working Group, defining the core entities, properties, and JSON schema for expressing machine-actionable DMPs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Machine-actionable DMP (maDMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A Data Management Plan expressed in a structured, machine-readable format (typically JSON conforming to the RDA DMP Common Standard) that enables automated exchange, validation, and updating between systems such as DMP tools, repositories, CRIS/RIMS, and funder portals.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data Management Plan (DMP)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A formal document that describes how research data will be collected, processed, described, stored, shared, preserved, and (where appropriate) destroyed across the lifecycle of a research project.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Aggregator service
type: DefinedTerm
description: A service that harvests, harmonises, and re-exposes metadata and (sometimes) content from many upstream sources, providing a unified search, browse, or query interface across the aggregated corpus; canonical examples include OpenAIRE, BASE, CORE, and OpenAlex.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data safe haven
type: DefinedTerm
description: A secure data-handling environment that allows controlled, audited access to sensitive datasets for approved research, applying technical, physical, and procedural safeguards; effectively a synonym for trusted research environment (TRE) in much current usage, though the term has older roots in NHS information governance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Five Safes framework
type: DefinedTerm
description: A framework for the safe use of sensitive data in research, articulated by the UK Office for National Statistics, that organises controls under five dimensions: Safe People, Safe Projects, Safe Settings, Safe Data, and Safe Outputs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Trusted research environment
type: DefinedTerm
description: A secure computing environment — typically delivered as a remote-access workspace with controlled inbound/outbound data flows — that allows accredited researchers to analyse sensitive data in situ without exporting the data, supporting privacy-preserving secondary research use.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sensitive-data repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: A repository specifically designed to hold sensitive research data — typically personal data, health data, criminal-justice data, commercially-confidential data, or culturally-sensitive Indigenous data — with enhanced access controls, audit logging, contractual access conditions, and (often) a secure analysis environment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Persistent data identifier
type: DefinedTerm
description: A persistent identifier (typically a DataCite DOI, but also IGSN for samples, Handle, ARK, or other PID-scheme identifier) assigned to a research dataset to support stable citation, attribution, and resolution over the long term.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Dataset landing page
type: DefinedTerm
description: The human-readable web page that a dataset's persistent identifier (typically a DataCite DOI) resolves to, presenting the dataset's title, creators, description, identifiers, dates, version history, related works, access conditions, and a link to download or request the data.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2014 statement produced by Force11's Data Citation Synthesis Group, signed by a wide community of publishers, funders, repositories, and infrastructure providers, that articulates eight principles for the citation of research data in scholarly communication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data citation principle
type: DefinedTerm
description: Any of the eight principles articulated in the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (Force11, 2014) covering importance, credit and attribution, evidence, unique identification, access, persistence, specificity and verifiability, and interoperability and flexibility of data citations in scholarly communication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data publication platform
type: DefinedTerm
description: A platform that supports the publication of research data as a citable artefact — assigning a persistent identifier, presenting a landing page, and applying review, curation, or peer-review processes — distinct from purely depositional storage.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Domain repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: Synonym for discipline-specific repository: a repository whose scope is a particular research domain (or domain-sub-area), with curation practices and metadata tailored to that domain.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Generalist repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: A repository that accepts research outputs from any discipline, applying domain-agnostic curation and discovery, and serving as a deposit destination for outputs that have no natural discipline-specific home or whose authors prefer a single multidisciplinary venue.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Discipline-specific repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: A repository whose scope is bounded to a particular research discipline or sub-discipline, with curation practices, metadata schemas, and community standards tailored to that domain's data types, terminologies, and norms.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

FAIRsharing (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A curated, community-driven registry of databases, standards (metadata, identifiers, formats, terminologies), and data policies relevant to research data, maintained at the University of Oxford with linkage to funders, journals, and standards organisations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Re3data (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Registry of Research Data Repositories: a global registry, operated by DataCite and partner institutions, that lists research data repositories worldwide with descriptive metadata about their disciplines, content types, access conditions, and policies, helping researchers locate suitable repositories for deposit and discovery.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

UK Data Service (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A UK ESRC-funded data infrastructure that holds, curates, and provides access to social, economic, and population data resources for research, learning, and policy, comprising the UK Data Archive at the University of Essex and partner institutions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ICPSR (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research: a consortium-membership-funded data archive based at the University of Michigan that holds and curates over 10,000 social-science research datasets, providing access to member institutions worldwide.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Harvard Dataverse (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A free research-data repository operated by Harvard University on the open-source Dataverse software platform, accepting datasets from researchers worldwide, minting DataCite DOIs, and serving as the flagship instance of the global Dataverse network.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Dryad (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A non-profit generalist research data repository operated by Dryad Data Inc. (in partnership with the California Digital Library) that publishes peer-reviewed-paper-linked datasets, mints DataCite DOIs, and applies curation review before publication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Figshare (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A commercial generalist research repository operated by Digital Science that accepts datasets, figures, presentations, papers, software, and other research artefacts, minting DataCite DOIs and offering institutional-branded instances ('Figshare for Institutions') alongside the public service.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Zenodo (concept)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A free generalist research repository operated by CERN and developed under OpenAIRE that accepts deposits of datasets, software, publications, presentations, posters, and other research artefacts, minting DataCite DOIs and providing free preservation up to a per-record size limit.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

GitHub mirror
type: DefinedTerm
description: A copy of a Git repository (or set of repositories) hosted on GitHub that tracks an upstream source repository elsewhere, typically maintained for redundancy, visibility, or community-engagement reasons rather than as the canonical primary copy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Software Heritage archive
type: DefinedTerm
description: A non-profit international initiative based at Inria that systematically crawls, archives, and preserves the world's publicly available source code, including its full version-control history, and issues persistent identifiers (Software Hash Identifiers, SWHIDs) to every archived artefact.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Code repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: A version-controlled storage location for source code, typically operated on top of a distributed version-control system such as Git, exposing the code's full revision history, branches, tags, and (often) collaboration features such as issues, pull requests, and code review.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Tissue bank
type: DefinedTerm
description: A specific kind of biobank focused on the collection, processing, storage, and distribution of human tissue samples (typically solid tissue specimens from surgical or post-mortem sources), governed under tissue-banking regulation in the relevant jurisdiction.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sample repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: A repository for physical research samples — geological, environmental, biological, or material — that catalogues, stores, and provides access to samples for downstream analysis, often issuing persistent identifiers (IGSN, DataCite DOI) for citation and provenance tracking.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Biorepository
type: DefinedTerm
description: A facility or organisation that collects, processes, stores, and distributes biological materials and their associated data for research, encompassing both human and non-human samples, distinguished from a 'biobank' by usage in some communities to denote broader scope or specific research projects.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Biobank
type: DefinedTerm
description: An organised collection of biological samples (typically human samples such as blood, tissue, DNA, urine) together with their associated clinical, demographic, and lifestyle data, governed for use in biomedical research.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

National data infrastructure
type: DefinedTerm
description: A coordinated, nationally-scoped programme and set of services for the storage, sharing, and reuse of research data within a country, typically combining funding policy, technical infrastructure (repositories, compute, federation), training, and governance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data hub
type: DefinedTerm
description: A central node in a data ecosystem that aggregates, harmonises, and brokers access to data from multiple upstream sources, exposing the harmonised data to downstream consumers via curated APIs, query interfaces, or download endpoints.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Federated data infrastructure
type: DefinedTerm
description: A data infrastructure in which data, services, and access controls remain distributed across multiple independent nodes (typically operated by different organisations) but are made discoverable, queryable, and usable as a unified resource through shared protocols, vocabularies, and identity-federation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data warehouse
type: DefinedTerm
description: A central repository of structured data, integrated from multiple operational sources, modelled for analytical querying (typically with a star or snowflake schema), and optimised for read-heavy workloads supporting reporting and decision-making.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data lake
type: DefinedTerm
description: A storage repository that holds large volumes of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data in their native formats, deferring schema-on-write requirements so that data can be ingested cheaply and only structured at the time of read or analysis.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data commons
type: DefinedTerm
description: A shared data resource — often combined with shared computing and analysis tools — governed by a community under defined access and contribution rules, designed to enable many users to use and add to the resource for collective benefit.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data trust
type: DefinedTerm
description: A legal and organisational structure in which a fiduciary intermediary holds, governs, and brokers access to a body of data on behalf of its contributors and beneficiaries, applying agreed terms of access, use, and accountability.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

World Data System certification
type: DefinedTerm
description: Historic certification programme of ICSU's World Data System (WDS) under which scientific data centres in geosciences and related fields were certified as trustworthy; merged with the Data Seal of Approval in 2017 to form CoreTrustSeal.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CoreTrustSeal
type: DefinedTerm
description: A community-based, non-profit certification scheme for trustworthy data repositories, operated by the CoreTrustSeal Foundation, awarded against 16 published requirements covering organisational infrastructure, digital object management, and technical infrastructure.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Trusted digital repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: A digital repository whose mission, governance, technical infrastructure, and procedures have been independently assessed against a recognised standard (e.g. CoreTrustSeal, nestor seal, ISO 16363) and judged trustworthy to preserve digital content over the long term.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

EOSC Federation
type: DefinedTerm
description: The architectural model adopted by EOSC for federating heterogeneous national, thematic, and pan-European research-data infrastructures into a single user-facing layer, with shared identity and access management, monitoring, accounting, helpdesk, and service onboarding.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

EOSC Marketplace
type: DefinedTerm
description: The catalogue of FAIR research services accessible to European researchers through the European Open Science Cloud, where service providers register their offerings and researchers can discover, order, and (where applicable) access services with EOSC-federated authentication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Crossref deposit XML
type: DefinedTerm
description: The XML schema family maintained by Crossref that publishers and content-registration members use to submit metadata when minting Crossref DOIs, with distinct sub-schemas for journals, books, conference proceedings, preprints, peer reviews, grants, and standards.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DataCite metadata schema
type: DefinedTerm
description: The XML/JSON schema (current version 4.x) maintained by the DataCite Metadata Working Group that defines the mandatory, recommended, and optional metadata properties to be supplied when registering a DOI through DataCite.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

RIOXX
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research Outputs Information Exchange XML (RIOXX): a UK-originated application profile for institutional-repository metadata, layered on Dublin Core, designed to capture funder, project, and licence information for OA-compliance reporting, currently maintained at v3.0.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

MODS
type: DefinedTerm
description: Metadata Object Description Schema: a Library of Congress XML schema for descriptive bibliographic metadata, designed as a richer alternative to Dublin Core and a more flexible alternative to MARC for library, archive, and repository contexts.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

METS
type: DefinedTerm
description: Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard: a Library of Congress-maintained XML schema for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata for digital library objects, providing a wrapper around content files and metadata sections.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

RDF triple store
type: DefinedTerm
description: A database management system specialised for storing and querying RDF (Resource Description Framework) statements — subject-predicate-object triples (or named-graph quads) — typically with a SPARQL query engine on top.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

SPARQL endpoint
type: DefinedTerm
description: An HTTP endpoint that accepts SPARQL queries (the W3C-standard query language for RDF) against an RDF dataset and returns results in standard formats (XML, JSON, CSV, TSV), implementing the SPARQL 1.1 Protocol.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Linked Data Fragments
type: DefinedTerm
description: A family of Web interfaces for publishing RDF data — ranging from data dumps through SPARQL endpoints to lightweight Triple Pattern Fragments — designed to allow clients to query large RDF datasets without overloading the server.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ResourceSync
type: DefinedTerm
description: ANSI/NISO Z39.99: a framework for synchronising resources between a source server and one or more destination servers using Web-based sitemaps with extensions for change lists, incremental updates, and push notifications.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

OAI-ORE
type: DefinedTerm
description: Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange: a set of specifications, complementary to OAI-PMH, that define how to describe and exchange aggregations of Web resources (a 'compound digital object') using standard Web Architecture and Linked Data principles.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

JATS XML
type: DefinedTerm
description: Journal Article Tag Suite (ANSI/NISO Z39.96): an XML vocabulary for describing the textual content and metadata of scholarly journal articles, comprising tag sets for archival (Green), publishing (Blue), and authoring (Pumpkin) use cases.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

OAI-PMH
type: DefinedTerm
description: Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting: a low-barrier HTTP/XML protocol that allows a 'data provider' system (typically a repository or CRIS) to expose its metadata records for incremental harvesting by 'service providers' (aggregators, search services, national portals).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CRIS interoperability
type: DefinedTerm
description: The capacity of CRIS systems to exchange data with each other and with adjacent systems (repositories, funders, publishers, aggregators) through shared data models, schemas, protocols, and persistent identifiers — most prominently CERIF, OAI-PMH, OpenAIRE Guidelines, and PID-based joins.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Affiliation (CRIS)
type: DefinedTerm
description: In CRIS terminology, a time-bounded relationship between a Person record and an Organization Unit, capturing the role (employee, visitor, honorary, student), start and end dates, employment fraction, and other contextual attributes of the association.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Organization unit
type: DefinedTerm
description: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a structural component of a research organisation — a faculty, school, department, institute, centre, lab, or research group — with its own identifier, name, parent and child relationships, type, start and end dates, and links to People, Projects, and Outputs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Person record (CRIS)
type: DefinedTerm
description: In CRIS terminology, the entity representing an individual person involved in research — researcher, RA, PhD candidate, or other contributor — with metadata including names (preferred and historical), identifiers (ORCID iD, ISNI, local HR ID), employments, qualifications, and links to outputs, projects, and organisational units.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Project (CRIS)
type: DefinedTerm
description: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a discrete research project with a defined scope, time period, participating people and organisations, funding source(s), and intended or actual outputs — typically the central organising entity for activity-level reporting.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Funding entity
type: DefinedTerm
description: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a specific award or funding instance — its funder, award number, amount, currency, start and end dates, and the project and people it supports — distinct from the abstract Funder organisation and from the project itself.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research output (CRIS)
type: DefinedTerm
description: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a discrete product of research — a publication, dataset, software release, patent, performance, exhibition, or other recognised output — recorded with its own identifier, type, date, contributors, and relationships to people, organisations, and projects.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research activity (CRIS)
type: DefinedTerm
description: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a research undertaking — typically a project, programme, or organised research effort — with its own start and end dates, participants, funding sources, outputs, and host organisation, around which CRIS data accretes over the activity's lifetime.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research entity (CRIS)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A first-class object in a CRIS data model — typically Person, Project, Publication, Organisation Unit, Funding, Equipment, or Activity — that has its own identifier, metadata schema, and relationships to other entities, and that can be managed and reported on independently.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

EOSC
type: DefinedTerm
description: European Open Science Cloud: an EU-led initiative and emerging federation of research data infrastructures intended to provide European researchers with seamless, cross-border, cross-discipline access to data, services, and computational resources under FAIR and open-science principles.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

OpenAIRE Nexus
type: DefinedTerm
description: An OpenAIRE-led Horizon-Europe-funded initiative (2021-2024) that bundles OpenAIRE services and tools into a coherent service portfolio for delivery through the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), targeting researchers, content providers, research communities, funders, and policy makers.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

OpenAIRE EXPLORE
type: DefinedTerm
description: The end-user-facing discovery service of OpenAIRE that allows researchers, funders, and the public to search and browse the OpenAIRE Graph by publications, datasets, software, projects, organisations, and funders.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

OpenAIRE Graph
type: DefinedTerm
description: An open scholarly knowledge graph maintained by OpenAIRE that aggregates and links publications, datasets, software, projects, organisations, and people harvested from thousands of repositories, journals, and CRIS systems across Europe and globally, with deduplication, enrichment, and link inference applied.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DSpace-CRIS
type: DefinedTerm
description: An open-source extension of the DSpace repository platform, developed by 4Science and the DSpace community, that adds CRIS-style entity management for researchers, projects, organisational units, journals, and other research-information entities alongside the existing repository content.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

VIVO
type: DefinedTerm
description: An open-source semantic-web application and ontology developed by the VIVO community (initially at Cornell University, now under DuraSpace/LYRASIS) that publishes information about researchers, departments, publications, grants, and courses as linked open data and as a navigable web interface.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Elements (Symplectic)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A commercial CRIS product developed by Symplectic (part of Digital Science) that automates the discovery, capture, and management of research outputs and activities for individual researchers and institutional reporting workflows, with strong emphasis on researcher-facing workflows.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pure
type: DefinedTerm
description: A commercial CRIS product, originally developed by Atira A/S in Denmark and now owned by Elsevier, used by universities and research organisations to manage publications, projects, people, organisational units, awards, equipment, and external engagement, and to expose this information through a configurable public 'research portal'.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CERIF
type: DefinedTerm
description: Common European Research Information Format: an EU-recommended data model and exchange schema for research information, developed and maintained by euroCRIS, that defines core entities (Person, Project, Publication, OrgUnit, Funding, Equipment) and the relationships among them with explicit role-and-time semantics.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

RIM
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research Information Management: the organisational practice and the supporting systems and processes by which a university or research organisation collects, manages, and uses information about its research activities, encompassing both the technical CRIS layer and the people and policies around it.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

CRIS
type: DefinedTerm
description: Current Research Information System: an enterprise-class software system that aggregates, stores, and publishes information about a research organisation's activities — its researchers, publications, projects, funding, equipment, collaborations, and outputs — and exposes that information to internal management and external reporting consumers.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Identifier crosswalk
type: DefinedTerm
description: A mapping or correspondence table between identifiers in different schemes that refer to the same real-world entity, allowing a system holding one scheme's identifier to find the equivalent identifier in another scheme.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DOI tombstone
type: DefinedTerm
description: A tombstone page served at the resolved URL of a DOI after the underlying resource has been withdrawn, providing withdrawal information and metadata while ensuring the DOI itself continues to resolve.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DOI suffix
type: DefinedTerm
description: The portion of a DOI after the first forward slash, assigned by the registrant within their issued DOI prefix, identifying the specific object; can contain any Unicode characters with the case-insensitivity rule applied during comparison.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DOI prefix
type: DefinedTerm
description: The leading portion of a DOI before the first forward slash, of the form 10.NNNN where 10 is the directory indicator for DOI under the Handle System and NNNN is a numeric (or alphanumeric) string assigned by the DOI Registration Agency to a specific registrant.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Tombstone page
type: DefinedTerm
description: A landing page served at a persistent identifier's resolved URL after the underlying resource has been withdrawn, retracted, or made permanently unavailable, providing metadata describing the former resource, the reason for its absence, and (where applicable) a successor identifier.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Identifier syntax
type: DefinedTerm
description: The formal grammar that constrains the textual form of identifiers in a given scheme — what character sets, lengths, prefixes, separators, and check digits are allowed — typically expressed as a regular expression or BNF grammar in the scheme's specification.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Identifier scheme
type: DefinedTerm
description: A named, formally-defined system for constructing, issuing, and resolving identifiers, typically defined by a syntax, an authority structure (who can mint), a metadata schema, and a resolution policy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PID resolution
type: DefinedTerm
description: The process by which a persistent identifier is looked up through its scheme's resolution infrastructure and returned either as an HTTP redirect to the current resource location or as metadata about the resource, depending on the request and the scheme's policy.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PID minting
type: DefinedTerm
description: The act of generating a new persistent identifier in a registered scheme and registering it, with associated metadata, at the appropriate PID provider so that it becomes resolvable and discoverable.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PID metadata
type: DefinedTerm
description: The descriptive metadata registered with a PID provider at the time of identifier minting, and updated thereafter, that describes the identified entity — its title, creators, dates, types, related identifiers, and so on — and that is exposed by the provider's APIs alongside the identifier itself.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Funder ID
type: DefinedTerm
description: An identifier from the Crossref Funder Registry (formerly FundRef), a curated, open registry of funder names and identifiers used by publishers to tag deposited works with the funders that supported them.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Curated org record (ROR)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An entry in the ROR registry that has been reviewed and approved by ROR curators against the published inclusion criteria, carrying a stable ROR ID and metadata including names, types, country, geographic location, parent/child/related/successor/predecessor relationships, and crosswalks.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ROR Curation
type: DefinedTerm
description: The community-driven process by which the Research Organization Registry receives, reviews, and acts on requests to add new organisations, update existing records, merge duplicates, or split records, governed by a published curation policy and managed by ROR's curation team.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PID graph
type: DefinedTerm
description: A graph data structure in which persistent identifiers (ORCID iDs, DOIs, ROR IDs, RAiDs, IGSNs, etc.) are nodes and the metadata relationships among them (creator-of, affiliated-with, funded-by, derived-from) are edges, allowing federated queries across multiple PID-provider registries.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PID consortium
type: DefinedTerm
description: A grouping of PID-provider member organisations, typically at national or regional scale, formed to share infrastructure, contracts, and support around one or more persistent identifier schemes such as DOI, ORCID, or ROR.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PID provider
type: DefinedTerm
description: An organisation that issues persistent identifiers from one or more PID schemes, operates (or contracts) the resolution infrastructure for those identifiers, and makes long-term commitments about the maintenance of the identifiers and their metadata.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Resolution service
type: DefinedTerm
description: A networked service that, given a persistent identifier, returns the current location of the named resource (typically by HTTP redirect) or returns its metadata, allowing the identifier itself to remain stable while the resource's location changes.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Persistent URL
type: DefinedTerm
description: An HTTP(S) URL that an issuing organisation commits to maintain unchanged over time so that links continue to resolve correctly even as the underlying resource is moved, renamed, or migrated between systems.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

w3id.org PURL
type: DefinedTerm
description: A persistent URL hosted on the w3id.org domain by the W3C Permanent Identifier Community Group, providing a community-maintained redirect under https://w3id.org/<namespace> to ontologies, vocabularies, and standards documents that may move between hosting providers over time.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PURL
type: DefinedTerm
description: Persistent Uniform Resource Locator, a URL maintained by a PURL service that redirects (typically via HTTP 302) to the current location of the named resource, allowing the persistent URL to remain stable as the underlying resource location changes.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

URN
type: DefinedTerm
description: Uniform Resource Name (RFC 8141), a URI of the form urn:NID:NSS where NID is a registered Namespace Identifier and NSS is the namespace-specific string, intended to denote a resource persistently and independently of any particular resolution mechanism.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Handle
type: DefinedTerm
description: An identifier in the CNRI Handle System (RFC 3650-3652), of the form Prefix/Suffix (e.g. 20.500.12345/abcd), resolved by a distributed system of Handle servers that map the identifier to one or more current URLs or other typed data values.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ARK inflection rules
type: DefinedTerm
description: A convention of the ARK identifier scheme whereby appending a single '?' to an ARK URL yields the object's descriptive metadata and appending '??' yields a 'commitment statement' describing the issuing institution's persistence policy for that ARK.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ARK
type: DefinedTerm
description: Archival Resource Key, a persistent identifier scheme for information objects of any type, in the form ark:/NAAN/Name[Qualifier], where NAAN is a Name Assigning Authority Number and Name is the local identifier; resolvable through any cooperating ARK resolver.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

UUID
type: DefinedTerm
description: Universally Unique Identifier (RFC 4122 / ISO/IEC 9834-8), a 128-bit value rendered as 32 hexadecimal digits in 8-4-4-4-12 grouping, generated such that the probability of collision across independent generators is negligible.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

GUID
type: DefinedTerm
description: Globally Unique Identifier, a generic term for an identifier that is intended to be unique across all systems and time, most commonly implemented as a 128-bit UUID but used informally for any opaque, globally scoped identifier.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

PIDINST
type: DefinedTerm
description: A persistent identifier for a research instrument, minted under a DataCite DOI or Handle, conforming to the PIDINST metadata schema developed by an RDA Working Group, that enables citation of and provenance back to the instrument that produced data.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

IGSN
type: DefinedTerm
description: International Geo Sample Number, a globally unique persistent identifier for physical samples (geological, environmental, biological) that supports tracking and citation of the sample through subsequent analyses, publications, and derived data.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

RAiD
type: DefinedTerm
description: Research Activity Identifier, an ISO-standardised persistent identifier (ISO 23527) for a research project or activity, providing a stable handle around which related people, organisations, outputs, instruments, and funding can be linked over the activity's lifetime.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DataCite consortium
type: DefinedTerm
description: A national or regional grouping of DataCite member organisations led by a 'Consortium Lead' that holds the master agreement with DataCite, allowing member institutions to mint DOIs under a shared fee structure and shared support model.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DataCite DOI
type: DefinedTerm
description: A DOI registered through DataCite, the DOI Registration Agency that serves research data, software, samples, dissertations, instruments, and other non-article research outputs, accompanied by metadata in the DataCite Metadata Schema.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Crossref DOI
type: DefinedTerm
description: A DOI registered through Crossref, the DOI Registration Agency for scholarly publications (journals, books, conference proceedings, preprints, peer reviews, grants), accompanied by metadata deposited in Crossref's XML schema.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

DOI
type: DefinedTerm
description: Digital Object Identifier (ISO 26324), a persistent identifier for an entity (typically a research output) consisting of a prefix assigned to a registrant by a DOI Registration Agency and a suffix assigned by the registrant, resolvable as an HTTPS URI under https://doi.org/.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ISNI
type: DefinedTerm
description: International Standard Name Identifier (ISO 27729), a 16-digit identifier for the public identity of a person or organisation involved in the creation, production, management, or distribution of content, administered by the ISNI International Agency.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

GRID
type: DefinedTerm
description: Global Research Identifier Database, a legacy identifier and registry of research organisations originally operated by Digital Science, frozen to new records in 2021 and superseded by ROR, which seeded its registry from a deduplicated GRID snapshot.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ROR ID
type: DefinedTerm
description: A persistent identifier for research organisations issued by the Research Organization Registry (ROR), expressed as an HTTPS URI of the form https://ror.org/0xxxxxxxx where the final nine-character path component is a base32-encoded random value with a check digit.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORCID education
type: DefinedTerm
description: An affiliation item in an ORCID record asserting that the iD holder studied at a named organisation, including degree or qualification, department, start and end dates, and the organisation's disambiguated identifier.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORCID employment
type: DefinedTerm
description: An affiliation item in an ORCID record asserting that the iD holder is or was employed by a named organisation, with start date, optional end date, department, role title, and the organisation's disambiguated identifier (typically a ROR ID).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORCID work assertion
type: DefinedTerm
description: A claim, recorded in an ORCID record, that a particular research output (journal article, book chapter, dataset, software, etc.) is associated with the iD holder, with metadata fields including title, type, publication year, external identifiers (DOI, ISBN, PMID), and contributor role.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORCID record permissions
type: DefinedTerm
description: The three-level visibility setting attached to each item in an ORCID record — public, trusted parties only (limited), or private — which the record holder applies individually to names, employments, works, fundings, and other assertions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORCID consortium
type: DefinedTerm
description: A national or regional grouping of ORCID member organisations that share a single membership fee structure and a lead organisation, in order to coordinate ORCID adoption, training, and policy advocacy within a country or region.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORCID API
type: DefinedTerm
description: The two-tier REST application programming interface (Public API and Member API) operated by ORCID that allows systems to read public ORCID record data and, with researcher authorisation, to read restricted data or write trusted-party assertions to records.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORCID record
type: DefinedTerm
description: The structured profile maintained at orcid.org for an individual ORCID iD, containing assertions about the person's names, employments, educations, funding, works, peer reviews, and service activities, each with a visibility setting and a source attribution.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

ORCID iD
type: DefinedTerm
description: A 16-digit persistent identifier, expressed as four hyphen-separated blocks (e.g. 0000-0002-1825-0097) and resolvable as an HTTPS URI under https://orcid.org/, that uniquely identifies an individual researcher across publications, datasets, grants, employments, and peer-review activity.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Container image (as output)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A reproducibility-supporting container image (Docker, Singularity/Apptainer, OCI) packaging a complete computational environment — operating system, dependencies, software, configuration — deposited in a container registry with a persistent identifier and treated as a citable research output.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Workflow (as output)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A computational workflow — a structured description of a multi-step analysis pipeline, expressed in a workflow language (Nextflow, Snakemake, CWL, WDL) or platform-specific format, with dependencies, parameters, and provenance — deposited in a repository with a persistent identifier as a citable research output.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model (as output)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A trained machine-learning model — including its weights, architecture, training metadata, and accompanying model card — deposited in a model repository (Hugging Face, Zenodo) with a persistent identifier, treated as a citable scholarly output independent of any paper that may describe it.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Dataset (as output)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A research dataset deposited in a FAIR-aligned repository with a persistent identifier (typically a DataCite DOI), metadata, licence, and access conditions, treated as a citable scholarly output in its own right rather than only as supporting material for a paper.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Translation (work)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scholarly publication that renders a previously-published work from one natural language into another, with the translator(s) credited and the original work referenced, treated as a distinct research output for purposes of credit, citation, and intellectual contribution.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

White paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: An authoritative document — published by a government, industry, or research organisation — that provides analysis and recommendations on a specific issue, typically intended to inform policy, position the issuing body, or guide implementation, with a more formal and longer treatment than a policy brief.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Technical report
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scholarly document published by a research-performing organisation (laboratory, government agency, company) reporting technical work in detail, typically not peer-reviewed in the journal sense but vetted internally, and bearing an institutional report number for citation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Policy brief
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short document — typically 2-8 pages — synthesising research evidence for a policy-maker audience, with explicit policy implications or recommendations, structured for accessibility rather than for academic readers, and issued by research institutions, NGOs, or government-aligned bodies.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Discussion paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scholarly document — published by institutions, learned societies, think-tanks, or government bodies — that presents an argued perspective, policy proposal, or position for community deliberation, sometimes formally inviting structured response.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Working paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scholarly document circulated through institutional working-paper series (e.g., NBER, IZA, CEPR), academic websites, or repositories, presenting research in progress for community feedback prior to (or sometimes instead of) formal peer review and journal publication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Conference abstract
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short summary of research findings or planned work submitted to a conference for selection of oral or poster presentation, published in a conference abstract book or supplement, citable as a publication but typically lacking full peer review of the underlying research.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Conference proceeding
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed scholarly publication appearing in the published proceedings of a conference, workshop, or symposium, typically representing original research presented at the meeting, with a citation that includes the conference name, date, and proceedings location.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Null result publication
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed publication reporting that a study's primary analysis returned results statistically consistent with no effect (or, in equivalence/non-inferiority designs, consistent with no clinically meaningful difference), explicitly framed and interpreted as informative about the absence of effect.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Negative result paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed publication whose primary finding is that a tested hypothesis was not supported, an intervention did not produce the predicted effect, or an expected relationship was not observed, framed as a contribution to evidence rather than as a failure.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Lab notebook (electronic)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A digital record of laboratory experiments, observations, protocols, and analyses maintained in an electronic lab notebook (ELN) system, providing tamper-evident timestamping, attribution, and increasingly serving as a citable research output via DOI assignment of selected entries.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Living systematic review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A systematic review that is continuously updated — typically by re-running the registered search, screening newly-identified studies, and incorporating eligible ones into the synthesis — with explicit triggers for major versus minor updates and a publicly maintained version history.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Living review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A review article — systematic or otherwise — that is continuously or periodically updated as new evidence emerges, maintained as a single citable resource with version history rather than being supplanted by a fresh standalone review on each update.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Narrative review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A literature review that synthesises existing scholarship on a topic through expert judgement and discursive argument, without using the pre-specified protocols, reproducible search strategies, or quality-appraisal frameworks that characterise systematic and scoping reviews.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Meta-analysis
type: DefinedTerm
description: A quantitative synthesis of effect estimates from multiple studies on a common question, using statistical methods (typically random-effects models) to compute a pooled estimate with confidence interval and heterogeneity diagnostics.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Scoping review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A literature review that maps the breadth and nature of evidence on a broad topic — characterising what exists, where, and in what form — using systematic search methods but without typically appraising study quality or synthesising effect estimates, following PRISMA-ScR.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Systematic review
type: DefinedTerm
description: A literature review that follows a pre-specified, registered protocol to systematically identify, appraise, and synthesise all evidence relevant to a focused research question, using reproducible methods for searching, screening, data extraction, and quality assessment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Case report
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed publication describing in detail one or a small number of individual cases — typically clinical, sometimes legal or social — for educational, hypothesis-generating, or rare-presentation-documenting purposes, structured according to discipline-specific reporting standards (e.g., CARE guidelines for clinical cases).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Brief report
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed publication format for compact original research findings, particularly in clinical and applied fields, with tight word and figure limits, used for results that warrant rapid or focused communication of a single result or small study.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Short communication
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed publication format for compact original research findings, typically with word limits below those of full original articles (2,000-3,000 words) but greater than letters or research letters, used for results meriting publication but not requiring full-article treatment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research letter
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short peer-reviewed publication presenting original research findings in a compressed format (typically under 1,000 words, limited tables/figures, abbreviated methods), used by journals for results that warrant rapid or concise communication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Letter to editor
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short scholarly communication submitted to a journal in response to a previously-published article in that journal, raising questions, corrections, alternative interpretations, or additional evidence, typically published with a reply from the original authors.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Commentary
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short scholarly publication that responds to, contextualises, or critiques other recently-published work or a current development in the field, presenting an argued perspective rather than original empirical findings.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Methods paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed publication whose primary subject is a research methodology — a new analytic technique, experimental procedure, instrumentation approach, or computational method — described in sufficient detail for independent reuse, sometimes with worked examples.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Protocol paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed publication that fully describes the methodology of a planned or ongoing research study (clinical trial, systematic review, cohort study, laboratory protocol) prior to or alongside execution, sufficient to enable replication and to fix the methods against post-hoc revision.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Software paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed scholarly publication whose primary subject is a research software package — describing its functionality, architecture, dependencies, testing, and intended uses — published in a venue that issues this format (JOSS, SoftwareX), accompanying the software release in a citable repository.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: A peer-reviewed scholarly publication whose primary subject is a dataset — describing its collection, structure, processing, quality, and intended uses — published in a journal that specifically issues this format, accompanying the dataset itself in a FAIR-aligned repository.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Replication study
type: DefinedTerm
description: A study whose primary purpose is to re-test a specific claim from a previously-published study, using methods and analyses designed to closely match the original (direct replication) or to test the same hypothesis with deliberately different operationalisations (conceptual replication).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Stage-2 results paper
type: DefinedTerm
description: The completed registered report submitted after data collection, containing the results, discussion, and any exploratory (clearly labelled) analyses beyond the pre-registered plan, peer-reviewed only for adherence to the Stage 1 protocol and quality of conclusions — not for the direction of findings.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Stage-1 protocol
type: DefinedTerm
description: The introduction, methods, and analysis plan submitted as the first of two stages of a registered report, peer-reviewed for theoretical motivation, design adequacy, and analytic appropriateness, and (if accepted) granted in-principle acceptance for publication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Registered report
type: DefinedTerm
description: A publication format in which a study's introduction, methods, and analysis plan are peer-reviewed and granted in-principle acceptance (IPA) before data collection or analysis, with the completed paper published regardless of the direction of the results provided the pre-registered methods were followed.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Version of record (VoR)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The final, formally published version of a scholarly work as issued by the publisher — including typesetting, pagination, copy-editing, and an assigned bibliographic citation — which is the canonical citable form of the work absent subsequent corrections.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Postprint
type: DefinedTerm
description: The author-accepted version of a manuscript after peer review and editorial decision of acceptance but before publisher typesetting and final layout — synonymous with 'author-accepted manuscript' (AAM) in many usage contexts.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Preprint
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scholarly manuscript posted to a public preprint server prior to formal peer review and journal publication, made openly accessible, citable via a persistent identifier (typically a DOI), and bearing a clearly identified version state.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mentoring agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A documented (often written) understanding between mentor and mentee setting out the goals, frequency of meetings, mode of communication, scope of mentoring, expectations on both parties, confidentiality boundaries, and review schedule for the relationship.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sponsorship relationship
type: DefinedTerm
description: A career-development relationship in which a senior researcher (sponsor) uses their social and political capital actively on behalf of a more junior researcher's career advancement — through nomination, recommendation, public advocacy, or introductions — going beyond the advisory dyad of mentorship.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Two-page narrative
type: DefinedTerm
description: A common page-limited narrative-CV format in which a researcher describes their contributions to research, people, and the wider community within a strict two-page limit, used in UKRI R4RI and several European national funder applications.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Diversity statement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A document — typically 1-2 pages — in which a researcher articulates their contributions to and plans for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in research and teaching, increasingly required in US faculty job applications and some research-funding contexts.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Teaching statement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A document — typically 1-3 pages — in which a researcher articulates their philosophy of teaching, summary of teaching experience and approach, and evidence of teaching effectiveness, used in academic job applications and tenure cases.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research statement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A document — typically 2-5 pages — in which a researcher describes their research programme: past contributions, current projects, and planned trajectory, written for academic job applications, fellowship applications, or research-evaluation exercises.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Personal statement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short narrative section in a researcher's CV, biosketch, or grant application in which the researcher articulates in their own voice why they are qualified to undertake the proposed work, their career trajectory, and any contextual factors relevant to the assessment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Biosketch
type: DefinedTerm
description: A short, structured biographical document used in US federal research grant applications (most notably NIH and NSF) summarising a researcher's qualifications, positions, contributions, and a curated subset of their outputs, in a tightly page-limited format.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Narrative CV
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher curriculum vitae format that uses prose narrative descriptions of contributions, career trajectory, and impact in place of (or alongside) traditional structured lists of publications, grants, and metrics, intended to give context to outputs and recognise broader research contributions.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Resume for Researchers (R4RI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A structured narrative-CV format developed by the Royal Society (UK) which asks researchers to describe their contributions under four headings: contributions to knowledge generation; contributions to development of individuals; contributions to the wider research community; and contributions to broader society.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Career interruption
type: DefinedTerm
description: A near-synonym of career break used by some funders (notably the Royal Society and ERC) to denote a period of reduced or absent research activity due to defined personal circumstances; sometimes also used to include reduced-fraction working (less than full-time) rather than complete absence.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Career break
type: DefinedTerm
description: A documented absence from active research work of at least three months' duration arising from parental leave, caring responsibilities, illness, disability, military service, or other personal circumstances, recognised by funders as extending early-career-researcher eligibility windows pro-rata.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Supervisor (doctoral)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The academic appointed by an institution to guide a doctoral candidate's research, with formal responsibility for the academic quality of supervision, progress monitoring, ethical conduct of the research, and recommendation for examination, in accordance with the institution's doctoral regulations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sponsor (career)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A senior researcher or leader who actively advocates for a more junior researcher's career advancement — nominating them for opportunities, opening doors, vouching for them in evaluations — distinct from a mentor (who advises) by the action of using social and political capital on the mentee's behalf.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mentee
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher (typically more junior) who receives career, intellectual, or professional guidance from a mentor in a defined or recognised mentoring relationship, distinct from a supervisee in that the relationship lacks formal evaluative authority.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mentor
type: DefinedTerm
description: An experienced researcher who provides career, intellectual, or professional guidance to a less experienced researcher (the mentee), distinct from a formal supervisor in that the mentoring relationship is typically chosen rather than assigned, may cross institutional lines, and does not carry formal evaluative authority.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Co-investigator
type: DefinedTerm
description: A named investigator on a research grant, contract, or protocol other than the lead PI, who contributes substantive scientific expertise and shares responsibility for portions of the work, typically with a defined role in the proposal and a named budget allocation.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Principal investigator (PI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The named individual on a research grant, contract, or protocol who is formally accountable for the scientific direction, ethical conduct, financial stewardship, and reporting of the research, typically holding a continuing academic or research-leader position at the host institution.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research associate
type: DefinedTerm
description: A staff researcher (often post-doctoral, sometimes post-master's) employed in a role with substantive scientific contribution and a degree of intellectual independence, typically more senior than a research assistant but not yet an independent principal investigator.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research assistant
type: DefinedTerm
description: A staff member employed to provide research support — data collection, literature search, analysis, administration — to a research project under the direction of a more senior researcher, typically without independent design authority over the project.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Master’s-level researcher
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher whose highest qualification is a master's degree (MSc, MA, MRes, MPhil, etc.) engaged in research work in a role appropriate to that qualification, distinct from doctoral candidates and from those with bachelor's-only qualifications.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pre-doctoral researcher
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher engaged in research work prior to commencing a doctoral programme, typically in roles such as research assistant, lab technician, or research associate at the master's-equivalent level, where the position involves substantive research rather than only support tasks.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Doctoral candidate
type: DefinedTerm
description: A student enrolled in a doctoral degree programme (PhD, DPhil, EdD, EngD, MD, etc.) who is undertaking original research toward a thesis or equivalent capstone, under the supervision of one or more academic supervisors.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Post-doctoral researcher
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher who has been awarded a doctoral degree and is engaged in a temporary, fixed-term position primarily devoted to research, typically under the supervision of a principal investigator, with the intention of further developing as an independent researcher.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Senior researcher
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher at an advanced career stage (typically 15+ years post-PhD) with a sustained record of independent research leadership, mentoring of multiple researchers to independence, substantial competitive funding history, and recognised disciplinary contribution.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mid-career researcher
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher beyond the early-career window but not yet at senior leadership status — typically 8-20 years post-PhD with an established independent research programme, lab or group, and a track record of competitive funding and mentoring.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Early-career researcher (ECR)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A researcher within a defined number of years (typically 5-8) of their first doctoral degree, or — for researchers without a doctorate — within an equivalent period of full-time research practice, accounting for career breaks and part-time work.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Co-corresponding author convention
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of designating two or more authors as jointly corresponding on a published work, each taking responsibility for post-publication communication, editorial liaison, and queries about the work, with all co-corresponding authors typically marked by a symbol in the byline.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reviewer role typology
type: DefinedTerm
description: A controlled vocabulary for distinguishing types of peer-review activity — e.g., manuscript peer reviewer, grant reviewer, conference programme committee member, data peer reviewer, software peer reviewer, reproducibility reviewer — used to give differentiated credit for review work.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

“Degree of contribution” qualifier (lead/equal/supporting)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The optional CRediT modifier that may be applied to any of the 14 CRediT roles to indicate the relative magnitude of a contributor's input: 'lead' (primary responsibility), 'equal' (co-equal with one or more others), or 'supporting' (contributed but did not lead).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Conceptualization lead vs supporting
type: DefinedTerm
description: Under the CRediT taxonomy, the distinction between the contributor who led the formulation of the overarching research question, aims, or ideas for a project (Conceptualization: lead) and those who contributed to but did not originate the conceptual framing (Conceptualization: supporting).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Funding-acquisition lead vs supporting
type: DefinedTerm
description: Under the CRediT taxonomy, the distinction between the contributor who led the funding acquisition for a research project (typically the named principal investigator on the grant) and contributors who supported but did not lead the proposal (co-investigators, named collaborators).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Methodology consultant
type: DefinedTerm
description: A specialist who provides substantive advice on research methodology — study design, sampling, instrument selection, analytic strategy, or implementation approach — to a research project on which they are not a primary investigator.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data validator
type: DefinedTerm
description: A contributor whose role is to check the integrity, accuracy, completeness, and conformance to schema of a dataset before its use, deposit, or publication — including range checks, plausibility tests, cross-source comparison, and metadata verification.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reproducibility reviewer
type: DefinedTerm
description: A reviewer whose specific role is to verify that the computational, analytic, or experimental procedures reported in a manuscript can be re-executed by another party using the provided code, data, and instructions, distinct from a content peer reviewer.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Domain expert advisor
type: DefinedTerm
description: A subject-matter expert (clinical, technical, policy, lived-experience) who advises a research project on questions within their expertise — typically through formal advisory boards, steering committees, or focused consultations — distinct from co-authorship or formal investigator roles.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Indigenous-knowledge holder contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: Substantive contribution to research from Indigenous knowledge keepers, elders, or community members who hold and share traditional knowledge, ecological observations, language, or cultural expertise relevant to the research, in accordance with CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Citizen-scientist contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: Substantive contribution to research by members of the public participating as volunteers in data collection, classification, observation, analysis, or interpretation, distinct from being a study subject and distinct from professional research staff.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Patient-partner contribution (PPI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Substantive input from patients, service users, carers, or members of the public into the design, conduct, analysis, or dissemination of health and care research — as partners in the research process rather than as study participants.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Lab leadership (supervision extension)
type: DefinedTerm
description: Substantive oversight of a research team or laboratory by a principal investigator or group leader, including scientific direction, resource allocation, mentoring, and accountability for research conduct, recognised under CRediT 'Supervision' and increasingly through narrative-CV team-leadership categories.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Equipment provision (resources extension)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The provision of specialised equipment, reagents, materials, animals, samples, or computational infrastructure that materially enabled a research output, captured under CRediT 'Resources' or in acknowledgements when the contribution does not include intellectual input on the work itself.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open-software contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: The development, documentation, packaging, testing, or maintenance of research software released under an open-source licence, including authoring new code, contributing to existing projects, releasing reusable libraries, or operating long-term maintenance.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open-data contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: The substantive work of preparing, documenting, depositing, and maintaining a research dataset in a FAIR-aligned open repository under a permissive licence, distinct from the original data collection.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Medical writer contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: Professional writing assistance to drafting a biomedical manuscript by a person whose primary role is writing rather than research — including drafting, restructuring, language polishing, and preparing submission — disclosed transparently per Good Publication Practice (GPP) guidelines.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Statistical consultancy
type: DefinedTerm
description: Substantive statistical advice or analysis provided by a statistician to a research project — including study design, sample-size calculation, analytic plan, model selection, code, or interpretation — that materially shapes the research's quantitative findings.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Translator contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: The intellectual work of converting a scholarly work from one natural language to another while preserving meaning, register, and technical accuracy, including the translator's own scholarly judgement on terminology, idiom, and disciplinary convention.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Mentorship contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: Career, intellectual, or methodological guidance provided to a researcher (typically more junior) that shapes the conduct or development of their research, distinct from formal supervision (which has institutional authority) and from co-authorship (which requires direct work on the output).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pre-submission feedback contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: Substantive intellectual input — comments, critique, suggested revisions, or methodological advice — provided by a colleague on a draft manuscript or proposal before it is submitted to a journal or funder, recognised in acknowledgements rather than as authorship.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Editorial contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: Intellectual work performed in the role of editor for a scholarly venue — including soliciting submissions, selecting reviewers, synthesising review feedback, making accept/reject/revise decisions, and shaping the venue's scope and standards.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Peer reviewer contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: The intellectual labour of evaluating a scholarly submission's validity, originality, significance, and clarity for a journal, funder, or conference, distinct from authorship and from editorial decision-making.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Technical staff contribution
type: DefinedTerm
description: Substantive technical work — laboratory technique, instrument operation, data acquisition, sample preparation, software engineering, or facility operation — performed by research-support staff (technicians, engineers, lab managers) that materially enables a research output.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Non-author contributor
type: DefinedTerm
description: An individual who made a meaningful contribution to a research output but is not listed in the author byline, typically because the contribution is partial (does not meet all authorship criteria) or because they declined authorship.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Acknowledged contributor
type: DefinedTerm
description: An individual whose contribution to a research output is recognised in the acknowledgements section rather than by authorship, typically because their contribution does not meet all four ICMJE authorship criteria but is substantive enough to warrant named credit.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Model versioning
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of identifying a specific revision of an AI model by name, version number, release date, or content hash, sufficient to uniquely distinguish it from earlier or later revisions that may behave differently on the same input.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Inference
type: DefinedTerm
description: The process of generating outputs from a trained AI model in response to inputs at runtime, distinct from training (which updates model parameters); for LLMs, inference is the production of completions from prompts.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Fine-tuning
type: DefinedTerm
description: The process of further training a pre-trained foundation model on a smaller, task-specific or domain-specific dataset, updating some or all parameters, to specialise its behaviour while retaining general capability.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)
type: DefinedTerm
description: An AI architecture in which an LLM is augmented at inference time with documents retrieved from an external corpus (often via vector similarity search), so that the model's outputs are grounded in retrieved evidence rather than relying solely on parametric knowledge.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI in literature search
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of AI-powered tools (Elicit, Consensus, Scite, Undermind, Semantic Scholar's AI features) to discover, screen, summarise, or synthesise scholarly literature, distinguished from traditional keyword search by the use of embeddings, LLM summarisation, or generative answering over a literature corpus.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI in qualitative coding
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of LLMs or other AI tools to assign codes, themes, or categories to qualitative data (interview transcripts, open-ended survey responses, field notes), either as the sole coder, a second coder for reliability, or a first-pass triage to be human-reviewed.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI image generation
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of a generative model (diffusion models, GANs, autoregressive image models) to produce images from text prompts, image prompts, or other conditioning inputs, distinct from AI-assisted image editing of an existing real image.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI summarisation
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of an AI system to produce a shorter version of a text that preserves its key information, including abstracts, lay summaries, executive summaries, and literature digests, whether extractive (sentence selection) or abstractive (paraphrasing).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI translation
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of an AI system (rule-based, statistical, or neural) to convert text from one natural language to another, including specifically the use of LLMs and dedicated neural machine translation systems for translating scholarly works or portions thereof.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI in editorial decisions
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of AI tools by journal editors to triage, screen, or make decisions on submitted manuscripts, including desk-rejection screening, reviewer matching, plagiarism flagging, or assessment of fit — distinguished by whether the AI advises a human editor or substitutes for one.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI in peer review
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of generative AI tools by peer reviewers to assist in evaluating manuscripts — including summarisation, language editing of the review, or generation of review text — which is restricted or prohibited by many publishers due to confidentiality and originality concerns.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Generative-AI disclosure statement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A dedicated section in a manuscript — typically headed 'Use of Generative AI' or similar — that consolidates all disclosures of AI tool use across the work, including tools used, versions, sections affected, and the human authors' verification process.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI co-authorship rejection (ICMJE 2023)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The 2023 update to ICMJE's Recommendations stating explicitly that chatbots and generative AI systems cannot be listed as authors because they cannot satisfy any of the four ICMJE authorship criteria, in particular the requirement to be accountable for the work and to approve the version to be published.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Author responsibility (for AI use)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The principle that human authors retain full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, originality, ethical sourcing, and lack of plagiarism of all content in a scholarly work, regardless of which portions were drafted, suggested, or generated by an AI tool.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Acknowledgement (vs authorship for AI)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The convention, codified by ICMJE and COPE (2023), that AI tool use must be disclosed in the methods or acknowledgements section of a scholarly work rather than via the author byline or CRediT contributor list, because AI cannot satisfy authorship's accountability requirements.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Training data provenance
type: DefinedTerm
description: Documentation of the sources, collection methods, licensing, consent basis, time range, and processing steps applied to the data used to train an AI model, sufficient to assess fitness-for-purpose, legal compliance, and potential bias.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Data leakage (training)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The contamination of an AI model's training corpus with data that should have remained held-out — including evaluation benchmarks, test sets, or proprietary content — such that the model's apparent performance overstates its true generalisation ability or it can reproduce content it should not have seen.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI fairness
type: DefinedTerm
description: A property of an AI system whereby its outputs satisfy a defined criterion of equitable treatment across specified groups — common criteria include demographic parity, equalised odds, equal opportunity, and calibration parity — recognising that these criteria are often mutually incompatible.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI bias
type: DefinedTerm
description: Systematic skew in an AI system's outputs that produces unjustified differential treatment, accuracy, or representation across groups, tasks, or contexts, arising from training-data composition, model architecture, objective function, or deployment context.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Detection tool (AI-generated)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A software system that estimates the probability that a given piece of content (text, image) was produced by a generative AI system, typically by analysing statistical features of the output without access to provenance metadata.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI provenance
type: DefinedTerm
description: The chain of evidence — metadata, cryptographic signatures, watermarks, or attestations — that documents whether a piece of content was produced or modified by an AI system, by which system, when, and under what prompt or input.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Watermarking (AI output)
type: DefinedTerm
description: The embedding of a statistical, cryptographic, or visible signal into AI-generated content at the time of generation, allowing later identification of that content as machine-produced — distinct from post-hoc detection which infers AI origin from features of the output alone.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Synthetic image
type: DefinedTerm
description: An image produced by a generative model (e.g., diffusion model, GAN) rather than captured from a physical scene or instrument, including images used as illustrations, in figures, or as training data.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Synthetic data
type: DefinedTerm
description: Data generated by a model or algorithm rather than collected from real-world observations or experiments, designed to mimic the statistical structure of real data for purposes such as augmentation, privacy-preservation, or model training.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Hallucination
type: DefinedTerm
description: An output from a generative AI system that is presented confidently and fluently but is factually incorrect, fabricated, or unsupported by the input data or any verifiable source — including invented citations, non-existent authors, false statistics, and incorrect quotations.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

System prompt
type: DefinedTerm
description: A prompt provided to an LLM at the start of a session — typically not visible to the end user — that sets persona, constraints, output format, safety rules, and tool-use permissions for all subsequent user interactions in that session.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Prompt engineering
type: DefinedTerm
description: The practice of designing, refining, and structuring input text given to a generative AI system in order to elicit specific desired outputs, including techniques such as role assignment, few-shot examples, chain-of-thought scaffolding, and output-format specification.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Generative AI
type: DefinedTerm
description: Artificial intelligence systems whose primary output is novel content (text, images, audio, video, code, or structured data) produced by sampling from a learned distribution, as distinct from discriminative AI systems whose output is a classification, score, or decision over existing inputs.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Large language model (LLM)
type: DefinedTerm
description: A neural-network model trained on large text corpora using self-supervised next-token prediction (or analogous objective), with parameter counts typically in the billions, capable of generating coherent text and performing a broad range of natural-language tasks without task-specific training.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI tool disclosure
type: DefinedTerm
description: A statement within a scholarly work that identifies which generative AI tools were used, the version, the scope of use (e.g., language editing, code generation, figure creation), and which sections were affected, sufficient for a reader to assess the AI's role.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI as author
type: DefinedTerm
description: The disallowed practice of listing a generative AI system (e.g., ChatGPT, Claude) in the author byline or contributor list of a scholarly work, on the rationale that AI cannot meet authorship criteria requiring accountability, agreement, and the capacity to take public responsibility.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI-generated content
type: DefinedTerm
description: Text, images, code, or other artefacts produced substantively by a generative AI system in response to a prompt, where the AI is the proximate source of the content rather than a tool refining human-authored material.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

AI-assisted writing
type: DefinedTerm
description: The use of a generative AI tool by a human author to draft, edit, paraphrase, summarise, or stylistically revise text where the human retains final editorial control and authorship responsibility.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Submission fee
type: DefinedTerm
description: Charge levied on author(s) upon submission of a manuscript to a journal, sometimes referred to as administrative or handling charges.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Subject repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: A repository the contents of which are connected purely by their discipline, rather than by other factors such as their institutional affiliation (see Institutional Repository)
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Sharing
type: DefinedTerm
description: The extent to which a work can be discovered, accessed and reused by those other than the author(s); often defined or clarified by means of permissions, terms and conditions, or a license.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reuse license
type: DefinedTerm
description: A set of terms and conditions that facilitates the reuse of published information.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Researcher webpage
type: DefinedTerm
description: A webpage featuring a researcher's profile, which possibly may also provide links to their publications.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Research funder
type: DefinedTerm
description: An organisation providing financial support for research activity.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: Repositories preserve, manage, and provide access to many types of digital materials in a variety of formats.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Read only
type: DefinedTerm
description: Online content (data or information) that is capable of being displayed but not modified or deleted.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pure gold journal
type: DefinedTerm
description: A scholarly journal that makes its articles immediately available online to the reader without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Publishing agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A legal contract between publisher and author(s) to publish written material by the author(s). This may involve a single written work, or a series of works.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Publish
type: DefinedTerm
description: A broad process or system that involves, at minimum, scholarship and writing, certification (most commonly via peer review), registration (commonly formal publishing in a journal or some other version of record), dissemination (awareness, making accessible, distribution), and archiving.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Publication permission
type: DefinedTerm
description: The circumstances under which copyright material may be used and where permission must be sought from the copyright holder.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Press embargo
type: DefinedTerm
description: A request by a source that the information or news provided by that source not be published until a certain date or certain conditions have been met.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Pre-print
type: DefinedTerm
description: Preliminary version of an article that has not undergone peer review but that may be shared for comment.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Post-print
type: DefinedTerm
description: A manuscript draft after it has been peer reviewed.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Page charge
type: DefinedTerm
description: One of a number of supplementary charges imposed by some journals to cover the cost of publishing, and charged in addition to article processing charges (APCs).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open archive
type: DefinedTerm
description: A repository that is compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) and therefore facilitates the sharing of metadata for a variety of purposes, most notably the compilation tasks performed by aggregator databases.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open access
type: DefinedTerm
description: Making peer reviewed scholarly content freely available via the Internet.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open access mandate
type: DefinedTerm
description: A policy requiring publication of research in an open access format.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Open access journal
type: DefinedTerm
description: A journal that makes its articles immediately available online to the reader without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. All the articles in the journal are available open access.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Licence
type: DefinedTerm
description: Signed agreement to exploit a piece of IP such as a process, product, data, or software.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Institutional webpage
type: DefinedTerm
description: A webpage that is associated with the institution at which the author is employed.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Institutional repository
type: DefinedTerm
description: An online, digital collection of research outputs (see Repository) that are connected by their affiliation with a specific institution. Institutional repositories are most commonly associated with universities and other academic organisations, and so the contents of a single institutional repository may therefore cover a range of disciplines. An institutional repository may often be managed as part of a wider suite of services supporting scholarly communication, Open Access and Open Education.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Hybrid journal
type: DefinedTerm
description: A subscription journal in which some of the articles are open access at point of publication. This status typically requires the payment of a specific publication fee (also called an article processing charge or APC) to the publisher.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Green open access
type: DefinedTerm
description: A type of open access where a version of a publication is freely available via an institutional or subject repository, or other web-accessible digital archive, that is compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Gold open access
type: DefinedTerm
description: The publisher version of a publication is immediately and permanently freely available for anyone with internet access to read or download from the publisher site at the point of publication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Free to read
type: DefinedTerm
description: Access, use, modify and re-use the content online. The adjective “free” is commonly used in one of two meanings: “for zero price” or “with little or no restriction”. Users can potentially do two kinds of things: (1) access and use it and (2) modify and re-use it.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Fee waiver
type: DefinedTerm
description: Full or partial waiver for article processing charges (APCs) offered by some publishers to authors based in selected developing countries or low-income economies.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Embargo
type: DefinedTerm
description: Restriction of access to the content of a copy of a work for a defined period of time.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Document version
type: DefinedTerm
description: During the development of a document there are usually several iterations of the work. There are periods along the authoring process that can be identified as a specific identifiable point where the work can be identified as a specific version of the work.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Deposit
type: DefinedTerm
description: The action of uploading a digital copy of a work into a digital repository or similar service by the author(s) or their agent, together with metadata that, ideally, supports FAIR principles (Findable; Accessible; Interoperable; Re-usable).
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of start of embargo
type: DefinedTerm
description: The date that an embargo comes into force and from whence the length of the embargo period is counted. The start date of a period during which access to a document or file or record is restricted. This could be: “date of online publication” or “publication date” or “date of online availability” or “date of deposit”. This date and the triggering event to start the embargo are defined by the copyright holder or the repository governance or the law.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of publication
type: DefinedTerm
description: Date the work is made available to the public by a publisher.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of online publication
type: DefinedTerm
description: The date that a work was first published on an online publishing platform. This may be before or after the publication date of the print version.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of online availability
type: DefinedTerm
description: The date that a work was first made available online. This may be before or after the publication date.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of first open access
type: DefinedTerm
description: The date that a work was first made publicly available on an Open Access (OA) basis. For example, this could be the date that a copy of the work was made live (discoverable) on an OA basis on a repository or may be triggered when an embargo period expires. It could also be when an work was available on a publisher web site, or elsewhere, on an OA basis.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of end of embargo
type: DefinedTerm
description: Date after which deposited items become available to read and download on the web. The date of the last day of an embargo period.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of deposit
type: DefinedTerm
description: Date on which a copy of a version of a work and its metadata is deposited in a repository (or equivalent). Not necessarily the same as the date that the work becomes discoverable. A period of time may elapse after deposit, but before the record is made publicly available during which the record may be checked for accuracy and compliance by repository administration staff and an embargo may be applied.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of compliant deposit
type: DefinedTerm
description: Date on which a copy of a version of a work and its metadata is in a repository (or equivalent) and meets the requirements of a mandate, policy, piece of legislation etc.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Date of acceptance
type: DefinedTerm
description: The day on which the publisher or evaluation institution or committee confirms formally that the article has been received from the author and no substantial changes to the content are required. Also the date on which the publisher tells the author that the article will be published and the article is ready to be processed for publication.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Copyright
type: DefinedTerm
description: A legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Copyright transfer agreement
type: DefinedTerm
description: A legal document containing provisions for the conveyance of full or partial copyright from the rights owner to another party.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Closed access
type: DefinedTerm
description: Restricting access to Internet content via a paid subscription; is often called a paywall.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Born open access
type: DefinedTerm
description: Commercial or non-profit publishers established for the sole purpose of publishing Open Access (OA) journals. They normally make use of the Creative Commons Attribution License for their publications. Authors usually retain their copyrights and users are needed to acknowledge and cite the authors in future references.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Author accepted manuscript
type: DefinedTerm
description: The author's final, peer reviewed and corrected manuscript, usually created in Word or LaTeX.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Article publication charge
type: DefinedTerm
description: Charge levied by a publisher to an author (or their funder or institution) to publish an article. Such charges may include but are not limited to: APCs; page charges; publishing charges or fees; submission charges; colour charges.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Article processing charge
type: DefinedTerm
description: Fee paid to journals to publish an article as open access.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Access
type: DefinedTerm
description: The continued, available for use, ongoing usability of a digital resource, retaining all qualities of authenticity, accuracy and functionality deemed to be essential for the purposes the digital material was created and/or acquired for. Users who have access can retrieve, manipulate, copy, and store copies on a wide range of hard drives and external devices.
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: dictionary_term

Reviewer Roles
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Review Types
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Research Classification
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Person ID Types
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Output Types
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Output ID Types
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Org ID Types
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Licence Types
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Field of Application
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Contributor Roles
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: picklist

Working Paper
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Website
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Web Address
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Visual Artwork
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Video Recording
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Translation
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Trademark
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Topic
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Theatric
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Text Interview
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Test
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Technical Standard
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Team Capacity
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Supervised Student Publication
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Standard or Policy
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Spin Off Company
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Sound Design
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Signature
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Short Fiction
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Set Design
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Script
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Reviewer
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Reviewer Suggestion
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Review
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Review Subject
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Research-based Degree Supervision
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Research Tool
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Research Technique
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Research Location
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Research Dataset
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Research Dataset Contributor
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Report
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Registered Copyright
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Reference
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Radio-TV Program
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Promotion-Tenure Assessment
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project Risk
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project Partner
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project Participant
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project Overview
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project Milestone
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project Info
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project HQP Training
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Project Budget
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Program Developed
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Professional Leave of Absence
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Professional Designation
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Principal Investigator
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Phone Number
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Personal Leave of Absence
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Person Info
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Performance Art
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Patent
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Other Study
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Online Resource
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Office Held
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Non-research Presentation
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Non HE Employment
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Newspaper Article
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Newsletter Article
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Musical Performance
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Musical Composition
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Mentoring
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Membership
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Manual
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Mailing Address
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Magazine Article
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Litigation
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Light Design
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

License
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Language Competency
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Journal Reviewing-Refereeing
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Journal Issue
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Journal Article
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Invention
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Internal OA Cost Application
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Institutional Review
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

In-kind Funding
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

HE Institution Employment
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Grant
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Grant Application Assessment
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Graduate Examination
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Funds Request
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Expert Witness
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Exhibition Catalogue
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Event Participation
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Event Administration
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Encyclopedia Entry
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Employee Supervision
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Editorial
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Edited Book
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

E-mail
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Distinction
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Dissertation
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Disclosure
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Dictionary Entry
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Degree
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Data Set
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template

Curatorial-Museum Exhibition
type: DefinedTerm
in defined term set: CASRAI Dictionary
additional type: object_template