CASRAI Dictionary
type: Ontology
description: Open, citable controlled vocabulary for research administration.
version info: v2026.1
issued: 2026-05-17
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
publisher: CASRAI — Standards for Research Administration

Generative AI use and disclosure
type: Concept
definition: Vocabulary for human–AI collaboration on research outputs and the disclosure required.
type: domain
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CRediT extensions and adjacent contribution vocabularies
type: Concept
definition: Extending CRediT to acknowledged contributors, peer reviewers, technical staff.
type: domain
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mentorship, training, and career stages
type: Concept
definition: Career-stage terms underpinning narrative CVs and mentorship recognition.
type: domain
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research outputs (expanded)
type: Concept
definition: Modern outputs taxonomy beyond articles — preprints, datasets, models, protocols, more.
type: domain
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

The persistent identifier ecosystem
type: Concept
definition: ORCID, ROR, RAiD, IGSN, PIDINST, DOIs — the PID landscape.
type: domain
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research-information systems and integration
type: Concept
definition: CRIS, RIM, CERIF, OpenAIRE, JATS — vendor-neutral terms.
type: domain
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research data infrastructure
type: Concept
definition: Trusted repositories, EOSC, biobanks, data trusts, federated infrastructure.
type: domain
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Machine-actionable data management plans
type: Concept
definition: RDA DMP Common Standard and the ecosystem of maDMP tools.
type: domain
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reproducibility and computational research
type: Concept
definition: Workflows, containers, FAIR4RS, Software Heritage, computational reproducibility.
type: domain
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI and ML research outputs
type: Concept
definition: Model cards, system cards, datasheets, benchmarks, evaluation suites.
type: domain
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research integrity and misconduct
type: Concept
definition: FFP, paper mills, retractions, COPE / ORI / UKRIO frameworks.
type: domain
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Compliance and regulatory
type: Concept
definition: IRB/REC, IACUC, GDPR, MTAs, EAR/ITAR — the compliance lattice.
type: domain
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research security
type: Concept
definition: NSPM-33, foreign component, DURC, dual-use research.
type: domain
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Indigenous data governance — CARE principles
type: Concept
definition: CARE alongside FAIR; TK labels, FPIC, GIDA.
type: domain
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Responsible research assessment
type: Concept
definition: DORA, COARA, R4RI, narrative CVs.
type: domain
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Knowledge equity, diversity, global-south inclusion
type: Concept
definition: Diamond OA, APC waivers, Plan S, bibliodiversity.
type: domain
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Engagement, impact, and SDG alignment
type: Concept
definition: REF Impact, PPI, citizen science, SDGs.
type: domain
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sustainable research and laboratory operations
type: Concept
definition: LEAF, My Green Lab, carbon footprint of research.
type: domain
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Funding lifecycle and financial vocabulary
type: Concept
definition: Calls, NCE, indirect costs, biosketch, current & pending.
type: domain
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research lifecycle stages and project metadata
type: Concept
definition: RAiD-anchored project lifecycle, phases, milestones.
type: domain
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Conceptualization
type: Concept
definition: Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Methodology
type: Concept
definition: Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Software
type: Concept
definition: Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Validation
type: Concept
definition: Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Formal analysis
type: Concept
definition: Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyse or synthesise study data.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Investigation
type: Concept
definition: Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Resources
type: Concept
definition: Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data curation
type: Concept
definition: Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later re-use.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Writing — original draft
type: Concept
definition: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Writing — review & editing
type: Concept
definition: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision — including pre- or post-publication stages.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Visualization
type: Concept
definition: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization / data presentation.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Supervision
type: Concept
definition: Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project administration
type: Concept
definition: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Funding acquisition
type: Concept
definition: Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
type: credit_role
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Lab equipment lifecycle assessment
type: Concept
definition: A structured environmental impact assessment of a laboratory instrument or equipment item across all life-cycle stages, from raw-material extraction and manufacture through use, maintenance, and end-of-life.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Carbon accounting (research)
type: Concept
definition: The systematic measurement, calculation, and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions across research activities, applying standard methodologies and emission factors to produce auditable CO2-equivalent totals.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Scope 1 / 2 / 3 emissions (research org)
type: Concept
definition: The categorisation of a research organisation's greenhouse-gas emissions following the GHG Protocol: scope 1 (direct on-site combustion), scope 2 (purchased electricity, heat, steam, cooling), and scope 3 (indirect emissions across the value chain, including procurement, commuting, travel, and waste).
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Climate impact statement (in DMP)
type: Concept
definition: A structured section in a data management plan or research proposal that estimates and discusses the environmental impact of planned research activities, including travel, computing, equipment, consumables, and data storage.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Climate-aware funding
type: Concept
definition: Research funding policies and award practices that explicitly incorporate climate and environmental sustainability considerations into eligibility, proposal review, and reporting.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open infrastructure energy efficiency
type: Concept
definition: The energy and carbon performance of shared, community-governed scholarly infrastructure (open repositories, identifier services, preservation systems), considered as part of the sustainability profile of the open scholarship ecosystem.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sustainable procurement (research)
type: Concept
definition: The process of purchasing research goods and services with explicit consideration of environmental, social, and governance criteria across the full supply chain, in addition to price and performance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

5R Framework (lab sustainability)
type: Concept
definition: A hierarchical decision framework applied to laboratory consumables and waste: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle, considered in that order of preference.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Hybrid conference
type: Concept
definition: A scholarly meeting that simultaneously supports in-person and remote participation, with intentional design choices to give remote attendees substantive interactivity rather than passive viewing.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Virtual conference
type: Concept
definition: A scholarly meeting held entirely online, with no physical venue or in-person attendance, using video-conferencing, virtual poster halls, and asynchronous discussion channels.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Conference travel emissions
type: Concept
definition: The subset of academic travel emissions specifically attributable to attendance at conferences, workshops, and scholarly meetings.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Travel emissions (academic)
type: Concept
definition: The greenhouse gas emissions arising from academic business travel, principally air travel for conferences, fieldwork, collaboration visits, and external examining.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Carbon-aware computing
type: Concept
definition: The practice of scheduling, shifting, or routing computational workloads in response to real-time grid carbon intensity, so that flexible jobs run when and where electricity emissions are lowest.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Energy proportionality (computing)
type: Concept
definition: The property of computing systems whose energy consumption scales linearly with workload, so that idle or lightly utilised systems draw correspondingly little power.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Green software engineering
type: Concept
definition: The discipline of designing, building, and operating software with explicit attention to its energy and carbon impact, as defined by the Green Software Foundation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sustainable HPC
type: Concept
definition: High-performance computing operations and procurement choices that minimise energy use, carbon emissions, water use, and hardware waste while delivering scientific compute capacity.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Compute carbon footprint
type: Concept
definition: The greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the electricity consumed by computational research activities, including local workstations, on-premises HPC clusters, and cloud or commercial compute services.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research carbon footprint
type: Concept
definition: The total greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in CO2-equivalent) attributable to research activity, encompassing direct laboratory energy use, computing, procurement, travel, and end-of-life of research equipment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Lab waste audit
type: Concept
definition: A structured exercise in which a laboratory measures and categorises the volume, type, and disposal route of waste generated over a defined period to identify reduction, re-use, and recycling opportunities.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Single-use plastic alternatives
type: Concept
definition: Materials and product designs that substitute for traditional single-use polymer consumables in research workflows, including bio-based polymers, autoclavable glassware, reduced-plastic packaging, and refill-and-wash systems.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reusable consumables
type: Concept
definition: Laboratory items historically used once and discarded that are redesigned, repurposed, or substituted with multi-use alternatives, including washable tip-box racks, autoclavable glass tubes, refillable spray bottles, and washable lab coats.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Plastic waste (research lab)
type: Concept
definition: The single-use and multi-use polymer waste generated by laboratory research activities, including pipette tips, tubes, plates, gloves, packaging, and serological pipettes, much of which is contaminated and routed to incineration rather than recycling.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

-80 degC freezer management
type: Concept
definition: The set of operational practices applied to ultra-low temperature (ULT) freezers to minimise energy use, extend equipment life, and preserve sample integrity, including sample inventory control, temperature setpoint optimisation, and preventive maintenance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Cold-storage energy (research)
type: Concept
definition: The electrical energy consumed by research cold-storage equipment (-20 degC freezers, -80 degC ultra-low temperature freezers, liquid nitrogen Dewars, cold rooms) used to preserve biological, chemical, and reagent samples.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ULAB sample
type: Concept
definition: An Unknown Long-Abandoned Biological sample, typically held in a freezer or cold-storage facility with no current owner, provenance record, or active research use, representing a major target for sustainability clean-out programmes.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Green Lab Certification
type: Concept
definition: Any formal third-party assessment that verifies a laboratory meets defined sustainability criteria, most commonly issued by LEAF or My Green Lab.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

My Green Lab
type: Concept
definition: A US-based non-profit organisation and certification programme that assesses laboratory sustainability across behaviour, equipment, infrastructure, and culture, issuing tiered certifications used by pharmaceutical, biotech, and academic labs worldwide.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

LEAF (Laboratory Efficiency Assessment Framework)
type: Concept
definition: A standards-based assessment framework developed by University College London that scores wet and dry laboratories on energy, waste, water, procurement, and research-quality practices, awarding Bronze, Silver, or Gold accreditation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: sustainable-research
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Updated project plan
type: Concept
definition: A revised version of the original project plan, reflecting approved changes to scope, work packages, milestones, deliverables, budget, or timeline, typically produced after a project pivot, change request, or extension.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project plan
type: Concept
definition: The structured document, typically created in the proposal or award-acceptance phase, describing the project's objectives, methods, work packages, tasks, milestones, deliverables, timeline, budget, team, and risks.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project metadata
type: Concept
definition: The structured descriptive data about a research project, including title, abstract, dates, funder, award number, PI, contributors, institutions, scope, keywords, outputs, and identifiers (RAiD, ORCID, ROR, DOI), used for discovery, reporting, and linkage.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project ID (RAiD-anchored)
type: Concept
definition: A persistent, machine-actionable identifier for a research project, typically issued under the Research Activity Identifier (RAiD) standard ISO 23527, used to unambiguously identify the project across systems, funders, institutions, and outputs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Output legacy planning
type: Concept
definition: The explicit planning, typically conducted late in execution and at closeout, for the long-term stewardship, accessibility, and re-use of project outputs (data, software, publications, prototypes, networks) beyond the project's funded lifetime.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Post-project sustainability
type: Concept
definition: The planning and provision for ongoing maintenance, hosting, support, or further development of project outputs (software, datasets, networks, services, communities) after the funded project has formally ended.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Lessons learned
type: Concept
definition: A structured retrospective summary of what worked well, what did not, and what the project team would do differently, captured at major lifecycle milestones (especially closeout) to inform future projects.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project closure documentation
type: Concept
definition: The set of documents produced at project closeout to record final outcomes, lessons learned, deliverables submitted, data archived, equipment disposition, and outstanding obligations, providing an auditable trail for future reference.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Offboarding (project)
type: Concept
definition: The structured process of transitioning a team member out of a project, including knowledge transfer, data and code hand-off, access revocation, exit interview, and documentation of outstanding items.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Onboarding (project)
type: Concept
definition: The structured process of integrating a new team member, partner, or contributor into a project, including orientation to scope, methods, tools, data, governance, and team norms.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Hand-off (between phases)
type: Concept
definition: The structured transfer of project responsibility, knowledge, and artefacts from one lifecycle phase to the next, or between project teams or roles, to ensure continuity and minimise loss of context.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project hold
type: Concept
definition: A temporary pause of project activity initiated by the project team, the institution, or a regulatory body, for example pending an ethics re-approval, equipment repair, IRB decision, or while a key team member is on leave.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Continuation decision
type: Concept
definition: The sponsor's formal determination, typically at the end of a reporting period, of whether to continue funding the next budget period of a multi-year grant, based on satisfactory progress and continued funding availability.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Suspension (grant)
type: Concept
definition: The temporary halting of a grant's activities, typically initiated by the sponsor in response to a concern (compliance, ethical, or financial), during which new obligations cannot be incurred against the award and previously incurred costs may be at risk.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Termination (grant)
type: Concept
definition: The formal ending of a grant award before its scheduled end date, initiated by the sponsor or recipient, due to non-performance, mutual agreement, loss of funding, or other defined cause.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

No-cost extension (lifecycle context)
type: Concept
definition: A formal extension of the project's period of performance beyond the original end date, with no additional sponsor funds, used to complete the funded scope when execution has been delayed or remaining funds support continued work.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Change request (project)
type: Concept
definition: A formal request submitted to a sponsor to amend an aspect of an awarded project, such as scope, budget allocation, personnel, equipment, or timeline, typically requiring sponsor review and approval before the change takes effect.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project pivot
type: Concept
definition: A substantive change in the direction, methods, scope, or objectives of a research project, motivated by new findings, external developments, technical obstacles, or strategic re-evaluation, typically requiring formal sponsor approval.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

End-of-project review
type: Concept
definition: A formal review held at or near the end of the project's period of performance, assessing overall achievement of objectives, deliverables produced, impact, and lessons learned.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mid-term review
type: Concept
definition: A formal review conducted at approximately the midpoint of a research project, evaluating progress against aims, resource utilisation, and the realism and feasibility of the plan for the remaining project duration.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Interim project review
type: Concept
definition: A scheduled formal review of project progress conducted at a defined intermediate point in the project lifecycle, typically combining sponsor, consortium, and (sometimes) independent expert evaluation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Annual report (grant)
type: Concept
definition: A scheduled interim report submitted to the sponsor once per project year, summarising progress, deliverables, expenditure, personnel, and any deviations, supporting continuation decisions for multi-year awards.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Archive phase
type: Concept
definition: The post-closeout lifecycle phase during which project records, datasets, code, and documentation are deposited in appropriate repositories for long-term preservation, access, and possible re-use.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reporting phase
type: Concept
definition: The lifecycle phase or sub-phase during which scheduled progress and financial reports are prepared and submitted to the sponsor, typically overlapping with later execution and closeout.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Execution phase
type: Concept
definition: The main project lifecycle phase during which the planned research activities are carried out, deliverables produced, milestones achieved, and the bulk of grant expenditure occurs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Award phase
type: Concept
definition: The lifecycle phase between sponsor decision to fund and start of the period of performance, covering notification, negotiation of terms, contracting, ethics and other compliance approvals, and project mobilisation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Proposal phase
type: Concept
definition: The lifecycle phase covering preparation, drafting, internal review, institutional approval, and submission of a research proposal to a funder, ending with proposal submission.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Idea phase
type: Concept
definition: The earliest phase of the research project lifecycle, in which a researcher identifies a question, surveys the literature, drafts a research concept, and explores potential funders and collaborators before committing to proposal preparation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project lifecycle
type: Concept
definition: The complete sequence of phases through which a research project progresses from initial idea through proposal, award, execution, reporting, closeout, and post-project legacy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Subtask
type: Concept
definition: An internal subdivision of a project task, used for detailed planning, effort tracking, and execution management, typically not formally reported to the sponsor but tracked within the consortium or research group.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Task (Horizon Europe)
type: Concept
definition: A subdivision of a Horizon Europe work package, representing a specific activity with defined objectives, contributing partners, person-month allocation, and link to particular deliverables or milestones.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Work package (Horizon Europe)
type: Concept
definition: A defined sub-component of a Horizon Europe project that groups related tasks, deliverables, and milestones under a single work-package leader, with its own budget allocation and timeline.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project deliverable
type: Concept
definition: A tangible, verifiable output produced by a project, such as a report, dataset, software release, prototype, or publication, formally documented in the project plan with a due date and responsible work package or partner.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project milestone
type: Concept
definition: A significant intermediate point in a project, marking achievement of a key activity, completion of a deliverable, or successful transition between phases, used to monitor progress against the project plan.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project phase
type: Concept
definition: A defined segment of a research project's lifecycle, characterised by a specific objective, set of activities, deliverables, and decision gates, used to structure planning, execution, and reporting.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Financial report (grant)
type: Concept
definition: A structured statement of grant expenditure submitted to the sponsor at defined reporting periods, presenting actual costs against the approved budget by category and supporting reimbursement or continuation decisions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Final report
type: Concept
definition: The concluding report submitted to the sponsor at or shortly after the end of the period of performance, summarising the entire project's achievements, deliverables, publications, financial summary, and outcomes.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Interim report
type: Concept
definition: A progress and/or financial report submitted to the sponsor during a multi-period grant, covering activities up to a defined intermediate point and supporting continuation decisions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reporting period (grant)
type: Concept
definition: A defined time window within a multi-period grant for which the recipient must submit progress and/or financial reports to the sponsor, often aligned with budget years or work-package completion dates.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Lump-sum grant (Horizon Europe)
type: Concept
definition: A Horizon Europe funding model in which a fixed lump-sum amount is paid for completion of each work package, replacing detailed cost-actuals reporting with focus on technical deliverables and successful work-package completion.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Milestone payment
type: Concept
definition: A funding disbursement triggered by the achievement of a defined project milestone, used in fixed-price or hybrid funding mechanisms to align sponsor payment with verifiable progress.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Fixed-price grant
type: Concept
definition: A grant or contract in which the sponsor pays a pre-agreed fixed amount on satisfactory completion of the work or defined milestones, without reimbursement of actual costs, transferring cost-overrun risk to the recipient.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Cost reimbursement
type: Concept
definition: A funding mechanism in which the sponsor reimburses the recipient for actual allowable costs incurred during the performance of the award, typically up to a stated funding ceiling, with periodic invoicing and supporting documentation required.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pass-through entity
type: Concept
definition: A non-federal entity that receives a federal award from a federal awarding agency and then provides a subaward to a subrecipient to carry out part of the federal programme.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Prime award
type: Concept
definition: The grant or contract directly between the funder and the lead recipient organisation, which holds primary responsibility for the project's scope, deliverables, and compliance, and may issue subawards to other entities.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Subrecipient monitoring
type: Concept
definition: The activities undertaken by the prime award recipient (pass-through entity) to ensure that subrecipients comply with the terms of their subawards, including financial, programmatic, and audit oversight.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Subaward
type: Concept
definition: A formal award by the prime recipient of a grant to another organisation to perform a defined portion of the substantive scope of work, governed by terms flowing down from the prime award.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sponsored research agreement
type: Concept
definition: A contractual agreement between a research-performing organisation and a sponsor (industry, foundation, or government), defining the scope of work, deliverables, IP terms, publication rights, payment terms, and reporting obligations for a research project.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Crowdfunded research
type: Concept
definition: Research projects funded by aggregated small contributions from many individuals, typically solicited through online platforms (Experiment, Kickstarter, GoFundMe, institutional giving sites) rather than from traditional grant-making bodies.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Endowment income
type: Concept
definition: The investment returns generated by an institution's or foundation's permanent endowment fund, used (typically at a defined spending rate, e.g., 4 to 5 percent of a multi-year smoothed average) to support operations, scholarships, or named research programmes.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Foundation grant
type: Concept
definition: A grant awarded by a private, charitable, or family foundation rather than a government agency or industry sponsor, typically funded from endowment income and governed by the foundation's mission and giving guidelines.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Indirect cost recovery
type: Concept
definition: The income an institution receives from sponsors as reimbursement for indirect (overhead) costs incurred in support of sponsored projects, calculated by applying the negotiated or sponsor-imposed indirect cost rate to the relevant direct-cost base.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Single Audit (US)
type: Concept
definition: A US federal annual organisation-wide audit required of non-federal entities expending more than a defined threshold of federal funds, conducted under 2 CFR 200 Subpart F (formerly OMB Circular A-133).
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Audit (grant)
type: Concept
definition: A formal examination of an institution's or project's financial records, internal controls, and compliance with sponsor terms, conducted by external or internal auditors to provide independent assurance of proper stewardship of grant funds.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Closeout phase
type: Concept
definition: The grant lifecycle phase following the end of the period of performance, during which final technical, financial, equipment, and property reports are submitted, residual obligations are liquidated, and the award is formally closed.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Post-award phase
type: Concept
definition: The grant lifecycle phase covering all activities between the start of the period of performance and the end of the closeout reporting period, including expenditure, reporting, monitoring, modifications, and subaward management.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pre-award phase
type: Concept
definition: The grant lifecycle phase covering activities from identification of a funding opportunity through proposal preparation, submission, and award negotiation, prior to the start of the period of performance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Encumbrance
type: Concept
definition: A reservation or commitment of grant funds against a future expenditure (such as a purchase order, a multi-year salary commitment, or a subaward), recorded in the institution's financial system to prevent over-commitment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Burn rate (grant)
type: Concept
definition: The rate at which a grant's funds are being expended over time, typically expressed as currency-per-month or as a percentage of the budget consumed per period, used to forecast end-of-period spend and identify under- or over-spend trajectories.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Underspend
type: Concept
definition: The condition in which a grant budget period ends with unspent funds, indicating actual expenditure was lower than planned and requiring action (carry-forward, reduction of next-year award, or return to sponsor).
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Carry-forward
type: Concept
definition: The authorised transfer of unobligated grant funds from one budget period to the next within a multi-year grant, allowing the recipient to use those funds in a subsequent period rather than losing them.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

No-cost extension (NCE)
type: Concept
definition: An approved extension of the period of performance of a grant beyond the original end date, without additional sponsor funds, to enable completion of the funded scope.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Continuation award
type: Concept
definition: The release of subsequent-year segments of a multi-year grant, contingent on satisfactory progress and the availability of funds, but not requiring a new competitive application.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Renewable award
type: Concept
definition: A funding award that, on completion, may be extended or re-funded for additional periods through a renewal process, which is typically partly competitive (against other proposals) and partly based on performance of the prior award.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Discretionary funding
type: Concept
definition: Funds that an institution, dean, or unit head may allocate at their own judgement, without a formal competitive call, typically used for strategic investments, recruitment startups, bridge support, or unforeseen needs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Non-competitive grant
type: Concept
definition: A funding award made without a comparative peer-reviewed competition, either through direct invitation, formula allocation, or as a routine continuation of an existing multi-year award.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Competitive grant
type: Concept
definition: A funding award made following a peer-reviewed, merit-based competition against other proposals, in which only a subset of applicants are funded.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Catalyst grant
type: Concept
definition: A targeted, often small-to-medium-value funding mechanism designed to catalyse strategic activity in a specific area, such as building a new research network, piloting a methodology, or de-risking a translational step.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pump-priming funding
type: Concept
definition: Small grants intended to initiate new collaborative or interdisciplinary research activity that is not yet ready for full external funding competition, typically with an explicit expectation of follow-on external grant capture.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Seed funding
type: Concept
definition: Small-value, short-duration funding awarded to develop a novel research idea to the point where it can compete for larger external grants, typically provided by institutions, learned societies, or pilot-grant programmes.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Bridge funding
type: Concept
definition: Short-term funding provided to maintain a research programme between an expiring grant and an anticipated new award, typically from institutional sources rather than external sponsors.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Match funding
type: Concept
definition: A funding model in which one party's contribution is conditional on a matching contribution from another party, typically expressed as a ratio (e.g., 1:1, 2:1) of sponsor funds to recipient or third-party funds.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Cost share (voluntary)
type: Concept
definition: A contribution to a sponsored project beyond what the sponsor requires, committed by the recipient institution typically to strengthen a proposal's competitiveness or demonstrate institutional support.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Cost share (mandatory)
type: Concept
definition: A contribution to a sponsored project that is required by the sponsor as a condition of the award and must be documented, tracked, and reported, typically as a percentage of total project cost or as a specific dollar value.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Direct charging
type: Concept
definition: The practice of charging a specific cost directly to a sponsored project's budget as a direct cost rather than recovering it through the indirect cost rate, when the cost meets allowability, allocability, and reasonableness criteria.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

APC reimbursement (funder)
type: Concept
definition: The mechanism by which a research funder repays an article processing charge (APC) paid by an author or institution, either directly or via an institutional block grant, in support of open access publication of grant-supported research.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open access publication cost (grant-eligible)
type: Concept
definition: The portion of a grant budget allocated to fund open access publication of project outputs, including article processing charges (APCs), book-processing charges (BPCs), and related fees, where the sponsor permits such costs as direct or supplemental expenditure.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Travel cost (grant)
type: Concept
definition: The portion of a grant budget allocated to project-related travel, including transportation, accommodation, meals, and subsistence for project personnel attending fieldwork, conferences, collaboration meetings, and dissemination events.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Equipment cost (grant)
type: Concept
definition: The portion of a grant budget allocated to the purchase, fabrication, or lease of equipment with a useful life beyond a single budget period and a per-unit cost exceeding the institutional capitalisation threshold.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Personnel cost (grant)
type: Concept
definition: The portion of a grant budget that pays the salaries, wages, and associated benefits of staff working on the project, typically the largest single category in most research grants.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Single-year project
type: Concept
definition: A funded research project whose period of performance is one year or less, with a single budget period and a single reporting cycle (interim if applicable, plus final).
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Multi-year project
type: Concept
definition: A funded research project whose period of performance extends across more than one year, typically structured with annual budget periods, interim reporting, and continuation reviews.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Grant Agreement (Horizon Europe)
type: Concept
definition: The legally binding contract signed between the European Commission (or designated funding body) and the beneficiaries, defining the action's scope, budget, deliverables, payment, IP, reporting, and dissemination obligations for a Horizon Europe project.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Consortium agreement
type: Concept
definition: A legal agreement signed among all beneficiaries in a multi-partner grant, regulating their internal relationships (governance, IP, confidentiality, financial flows, conflict resolution) in complement to the Grant Agreement with the funder.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Partner (grant consortium)
type: Concept
definition: A non-coordinator beneficiary in a multi-partner grant consortium, responsible for an agreed share of the work and budget and party to the consortium agreement.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Coordinator (grant consortium)
type: Concept
definition: The beneficiary in a multi-partner grant (especially Horizon Europe) that takes legal and administrative lead, acting as the single point of contact with the funder and coordinating consortium activities, reporting, and payments.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Beneficiary (Horizon Europe)
type: Concept
definition: A legal entity that signs the Horizon Europe Grant Agreement and is directly accountable to the European Commission for delivery of an agreed share of the project's work and budget.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

MTDC (Modified Total Direct Cost)
type: Concept
definition: The base to which a US federal indirect cost rate is applied, equal to total direct costs minus excluded items (typically equipment over a threshold, capital expenditures, patient care, tuition remission, rental costs, scholarships, and the portion of each subaward exceeding $25,000).
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

De minimis rate (NIH)
type: Concept
definition: A federally permitted 10 percent indirect cost rate that organisations without a negotiated F&A rate may elect to use on US federal awards, applied to modified total direct costs (MTDC).
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

F&A rate (Facilities & Administrative)
type: Concept
definition: The negotiated percentage rate applied to a defined direct-cost base to recover an institution's facilities and administrative (indirect) costs on US federal grants and contracts.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Indirect costs (overheads)
type: Concept
definition: Project costs that cannot be specifically attributed to a single research activity but are necessary to support the conduct of research, including facilities, administration, libraries, IT, and depreciation, recovered from sponsors through an indirect cost rate.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Direct costs
type: Concept
definition: Project costs that can be specifically and unambiguously attributed to a single sponsored research activity, including project-specific personnel salaries, materials and consumables, equipment, travel, and subaward costs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Implementation science
type: Concept
definition: The scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and other evidence-based practices into routine practice, with the aim of improving the quality and effectiveness of services and outcomes.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Bench-to-bedside
type: Concept
definition: A phrase used in biomedical research to describe the translation of laboratory ('bench') discoveries into clinical practice ('bedside'), encompassing the T1 stage of translational research.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Translational research
type: Concept
definition: Research that bridges discovery science and practical application, translating findings from laboratory or theoretical work into improvements in clinical care, policy, products or services.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Action research
type: Concept
definition: A research approach in which researchers and practitioners work together to investigate a practical problem and develop solutions through iterative cycles of planning, action, observation and reflection.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Community-based participatory research (CBPR)
type: Concept
definition: A collaborative research approach that equitably involves community members, organisational representatives and researchers in all aspects of the research process, with shared decision-making and the aim of combining knowledge with action for social change.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Lived-experience expert
type: Concept
definition: A person whose personal experience of a condition, situation or issue is recognised as a form of expertise that contributes meaningfully to research, policy or practice alongside professional and academic expertise.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Co-design (research)
type: Concept
definition: The collaborative design of research studies, interventions, services or products with the people who will use them or be affected by them, integrating their knowledge and perspectives from the outset.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Co-production (research)
type: Concept
definition: Research carried out as an equal partnership between researchers and those who are intended to use, benefit from or be affected by the research, in which knowledge is generated together.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Engagement metric
type: Concept
definition: A quantitative or structured-qualitative indicator capturing the extent, depth, reach or quality of engagement between researchers and non-academic stakeholders or publics.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI)
type: Concept
definition: A framework that asks research and innovation actors to anticipate and assess potential implications and societal expectations of their work, with a view to fostering the design of inclusive and sustainable outcomes.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mission-oriented research
type: Concept
definition: Research designed to achieve specific, time-bound, ambitious societal missions, drawing on multiple disciplines and stakeholder partnerships, in the tradition argued for by Mariana Mazzucato.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

SDG-aligned research
type: Concept
definition: Research that is explicitly designed, framed or assessed in relation to specific Sustainable Development Goals and their targets, with the intent of contributing to their achievement.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

SDG 17 (Partnerships)
type: Concept
definition: The seventeenth Sustainable Development Goal: strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

SDG 9 (Industry Innovation)
type: Concept
definition: The ninth Sustainable Development Goal: build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

SDG 4 (Quality Education)
type: Concept
definition: The fourth Sustainable Development Goal: ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

SDG mapping (research output)
type: Concept
definition: The practice of classifying research outputs, projects or programmes against one or more Sustainable Development Goals or targets, to understand alignment, track contributions, and communicate research relevance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
type: Concept
definition: The 17 global goals adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, addressing interlinked global challenges including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ECSA (European Citizen Science Association)
type: Concept
definition: A European network of citizen-science practitioners, researchers and project owners that promotes the practice, quality and recognition of citizen science across Europe and internationally.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Citizen science
type: Concept
definition: Research in which members of the general public actively participate in the scientific process, including problem framing, data collection, analysis or dissemination, often at large scale and with substantive contribution.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Patient partner
type: Concept
definition: A patient, service user, carer or member of the public who is actively involved in shaping and conducting research as a recognised partner, typically with named role, compensation and decision-making influence.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Patient and Public Involvement (PPI)
type: Concept
definition: Research being carried out 'with' or 'by' members of the public rather than 'to', 'about' or 'for' them, as defined by INVOLVE (the UK national advisory group for PPI).
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Public engagement with research (PER)
type: Concept
definition: A subset of public engagement focused specifically on engaging publics with research processes and outcomes, distinguished from public engagement with science or with higher education more broadly.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Public engagement (PE)
type: Concept
definition: The myriad ways in which the activity and benefits of higher education and research can be shared with the public, often involving two-way interaction to generate mutual benefit, as defined by the National Co-ordinating Centre for Public Engagement (NCCPE).
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Knowledge exchange (KE)
type: Concept
definition: A two-way process through which knowledge, ideas and experiences are shared between researchers and non-academic partners (such as businesses, public services, third sector, communities) to mutual benefit.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Knowledge mobilisation (KMb)
type: Concept
definition: The processes by which research evidence and other forms of knowledge are made accessible, useful and used by communities, practitioners, policymakers and other stakeholders to inform decisions and action.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Knowledge translation (KT)
type: Concept
definition: The dynamic and iterative process that includes synthesis, dissemination, exchange and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve health and provide more effective health services and products, as defined by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pathway to impact
type: Concept
definition: An articulated sequence of activities, intermediate outcomes and stakeholder engagements through which research findings are expected to translate into beneficial change beyond academia.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Theory of change
type: Concept
definition: An explicit, testable map of how and why a research project, programme or intervention is expected to lead to specified outcomes, identifying the causal pathway and necessary intermediate conditions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Impact evaluation
type: Concept
definition: The systematic assessment of whether and how a research output, programme or portfolio has produced specific effects beyond academia.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Impact case study (REF)
type: Concept
definition: See 'REF impact case study' (responsible-assessment). A structured narrative documenting how specific research has produced effects beyond academia, submitted as part of UK Research Excellence Framework assessment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Environmental impact
type: Concept
definition: The contribution that research makes to environmental outcomes, including biodiversity, conservation, ecosystem services, climate, pollution reduction, sustainability and resource use.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Cultural impact
type: Concept
definition: The contribution that research makes to cultural understanding, heritage, the arts, creative industries, and the ways societies make meaning of their past, present and future.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Policy impact
type: Concept
definition: The contribution that research makes to the formulation, content or implementation of public policy at local, national or international levels.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Economic impact
type: Concept
definition: The contribution that research makes to the economy, including productivity gains, new products and services, cost savings, employment, gross-value-added effects and competitiveness.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Societal impact
type: Concept
definition: The contribution that research makes to society in terms of changes to social practices, public attitudes, community wellbeing, civic engagement, equity, or quality of life.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Academic impact
type: Concept
definition: The contribution that research makes to the advancement of scientific knowledge and to other research communities, typically evidenced through citations, methods uptake, theoretical influence and training of researchers.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research impact
type: Concept
definition: The demonstrable contribution that research makes to the economy, society, culture, public policy or services, health, the environment or quality of life beyond academia.
type: dictionary_term
domain: engagement-impact-sdg
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

OA monitoring
type: Concept
definition: The systematic measurement and reporting of open-access publication uptake, compliance with OA policies, and progression toward open scholarship goals at institutional, funder or national level.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Knowledge equity index
type: Concept
definition: A composite measure or framework that quantifies how equitably knowledge production, dissemination and access are distributed across geographies, languages, disciplines, demographics or career stages.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI)
type: Concept
definition: A set of principles published in 2015 (updated 2020) by Bilder, Lin and Neylon defining the governance, sustainability and insurance characteristics that scholarly infrastructure should have to be considered open and community-controlled.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open infrastructure (POSI principles)
type: Concept
definition: Scholarly infrastructure that is community-governed, financially sustainable, and operationally transparent, in alignment with the Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI).
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Institutional waiver programme
type: Concept
definition: A structured arrangement by a publisher or institution that grants reductions or full waivers of article-processing or publication charges to authors who would otherwise face financial barriers to open-access publication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Author fee equity
type: Concept
definition: The principle that author-side publication charges (APCs, page charges, submission fees) should not act as a barrier to publication, with equitable access ensured through waivers, transformative agreements, diamond OA alternatives or funder support.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Predatory journal
type: Concept
definition: A journal that solicits and accepts manuscripts in exchange for fees without providing the editorial and peer-review services normally expected of a legitimate scholarly venue, often through deceptive marketing.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Multilingual scholarship
type: Concept
definition: Scholarly communication that recognises, supports and produces research outputs in multiple languages, in contrast to English-only norms that dominate international academic publishing.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Geographic editorial diversity
type: Concept
definition: The presence on a journal's editorial board, reviewer pool and authorship of researchers from a wide range of countries, regions and institutional types, especially including the Global South.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Equitable peer review
type: Concept
definition: Peer-review practice that actively addresses structural inequities in reviewer recruitment, manuscript handling, language fairness and decision-making, to ensure that authors from under-represented regions, languages and demographics receive fair evaluation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Global-South publishing
type: Concept
definition: Scholarly publishing originating from, owned by or serving researchers and communities in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia, the Pacific and other regions historically marginalised by Northern publishing infrastructures.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Plataforma S
type: Concept
definition: An Iberoamerican open-science platform initiative aligning regional scholarly publishing infrastructures (Redalyc, AmeliCA, SciELO, Latindex) toward shared standards for diamond OA, multilingualism and data interoperability.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AfricArXiv
type: Concept
definition: A community-led preprint repository for African researchers, established in 2018, providing a publishing venue for African scholarship in multiple African languages alongside English and French.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

African Open Science Platform (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A continental initiative coordinated by the African Academy of Sciences, NRF South Africa and partners, working to develop open-science infrastructure, policies and capacity across African research institutions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AmeliCA (concept)
type: Concept
definition: Open Knowledge for Latin America and the Global South, a multi-institutional initiative launched in 2018 that develops infrastructure, policies and advocacy for non-commercial, community-led open-access scholarly communication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

SciELO (concept)
type: Concept
definition: Scientific Electronic Library Online, an open-access publishing model and bibliographic database founded in Brazil in 1997, now a network of country collections across Latin America, the Caribbean, South Africa and beyond.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Redalyc (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A non-profit scientific information system, founded in 2003 at UAEM Mexico, that hosts and disseminates peer-reviewed open-access journals from Iberoamerica and beyond.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Latindex (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A regional online information system for scientific journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal, established in 1997 and coordinated from UNAM, Mexico.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Bibliodiversity (DOAJ/AmeliCA/Redalyc)
type: Concept
definition: The principle that the global scholarly publishing ecosystem should support a plurality of languages, disciplines, geographies, business models and editorial communities, as articulated by initiatives such as DOAJ, AmeliCA, Redalyc and the Jussieu Call.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pure publish agreement
type: Concept
definition: A contract between an institution or consortium and a publisher that covers only the open-access publication of the institution's authors, without bundled subscription reading access.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pure read agreement
type: Concept
definition: A traditional subscription contract giving an institution access to read a publisher's content, with no open-access publishing component, in contrast to a transformative or pure publish agreement.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Transformative agreement (TA)
type: Concept
definition: A time-limited contract between an institution or consortium and a publisher designed to shift the financial flow from subscription-based payment for access to payment for open-access publication, with the intent of converting subscription journals to fully OA.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Read-and-Publish agreement
type: Concept
definition: An agreement between an institution or consortium and a publisher that bundles the costs of reading subscription content with the costs of open-access publishing by the institution's authors in the publisher's journals into a single negotiated price.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Subscribe-to-Open (S2O)
type: Concept
definition: A business model in which a journal flips to open access for a given year if enough institutional subscribers renew their subscriptions, with the same subscription price funding open publication instead of access control.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Diamond open access
type: Concept
definition: A publication model in which scholarly content is freely available to read with no charges to either readers or authors, typically supported by institutional, scholarly-society or public funding.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Plan U (Preprint)
type: Concept
definition: A 2019 proposal that funders mandate deposit of preprints in approved preprint servers as a route to immediate open access, complementing Plan S.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

cOAlition S
type: Concept
definition: An international consortium of research funders, launched in 2018 by Science Europe, that collectively implements Plan S and advocates for full and immediate open access to research publications.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Plan S
type: Concept
definition: An open-access publishing policy launched in September 2018 by cOAlition S requiring that, from January 2021, scholarly publications resulting from research funded by member organisations be made openly available immediately upon publication under an open licence.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Re-evaluation cycle
type: Concept
definition: A scheduled, periodic review by a research-assessment system of its own indicators, criteria and processes to identify drift, unintended consequences and opportunities for reform.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Lifetime contribution lens
type: Concept
definition: An assessment approach that evaluates a researcher's contributions across their whole career, rather than within a fixed recent window, especially for senior recognition such as fellowships, honours and emeritus appointments.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Career diversity
type: Concept
definition: Recognition in research assessment of diverse career paths, trajectories and mobility patterns, including industry experience, intersectoral mobility, career breaks, part-time work and non-linear progression.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Process diversity (in assessment)
type: Concept
definition: Recognition in research assessment of the diverse research processes researchers contribute to, including teaching, mentoring, peer review, leadership, software engineering, data curation, public engagement and policy work.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Output diversification
type: Concept
definition: The recognition in research assessment of a wide range of research outputs beyond journal articles, including datasets, software, protocols, registered reports, policy briefs, creative works and practitioner publications.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Peer review (in assessment)
type: Concept
definition: The use of expert qualitative judgement by relevant peers to evaluate research outputs, researchers, proposals or environments, distinct from peer review of journal manuscripts.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Quantitative-qualitative balance
type: Concept
definition: The principle in responsible assessment that quantitative indicators should support, not supplant, qualitative expert judgement and that both forms of evidence should be combined transparently.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Responsible metrics
type: Concept
definition: An approach to using quantitative indicators in research assessment that emphasises robustness, humility, transparency, diversity and reflexivity, as articulated in the 2015 Metric Tide report.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Twitter mentions (concept)
type: Concept
definition: An altmetric signal counting public posts on Twitter (rebranded to X in 2023) that include a link or identifier referring to a specific research output.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mendeley readership
type: Concept
definition: An altmetric signal derived from the count of users who have added a research article to their personal library in the Mendeley reference manager.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Relative Citation Ratio (RCR, NIH)
type: Concept
definition: An article-level field-normalised citation metric developed by the US National Institutes of Health, expressing an article's citations per year relative to the median in the article's co-citation network, with a value of 1.0 corresponding to NIH-funded median performance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI)
type: Concept
definition: An article-level citation indicator, published by Elsevier (SciVal/Scopus), that normalises an article's citation count against the average for outputs of the same publication year, document type and subject field, with 1.0 representing the world average.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Article-level metrics
type: Concept
definition: Indicators reported at the level of an individual article rather than the journal in which it was published, typically including citations, views, downloads, saves and altmetric signals.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Altmetrics
type: Concept
definition: A family of indicators that capture attention to and engagement with research outputs across non-traditional sources such as social media, news outlets, policy documents, blogs, Wikipedia and reference managers.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

h-index
type: Concept
definition: A researcher-level metric proposed by Jorge Hirsch in 2005, defined as the largest number h such that the researcher has published h papers each cited at least h times.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CiteScore
type: Concept
definition: A journal-level metric published by Elsevier (Scopus) since 2016 that measures the average number of citations received in a given year by documents published in that journal during the previous four years.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Journal Impact Factor (JIF)
type: Concept
definition: An annual journal-level metric, published by Clarivate in the Journal Citation Reports, equal to the average number of citations in a given year to articles published in that journal during the preceding two years.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Personal statement (research assessment)
type: Concept
definition: A short narrative section in a researcher CV, grant application or assessment dossier in which the researcher explains, in their own voice, the context, motivation and significance of their work and contributions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Biosketch (NIH-style)
type: Concept
definition: A five-page structured CV format mandated by the US National Institutes of Health for grant applications, organised around a personal statement, positions and honours, contributions to science, and a research-support section.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

R4RI mandate (UKRI 2024)
type: Concept
definition: The UK Research and Innovation policy, fully effective in 2024, requiring applicants and reviewers in most UKRI funding opportunities to use the R4RI-derived narrative CV ('Resume for Research and Innovation') instead of traditional academic CVs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

R4RI (Resume for Researchers / Royal Society narrative CV)
type: Concept
definition: A narrative-style CV template originally developed by the Royal Society in 2019 that captures a researcher's contributions across four modules rather than relying on a list of publications and metrics.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

REF 2029
type: Concept
definition: The next planned cycle of the UK Research Excellence Framework, currently scheduled with a submission deadline in 2028 and results in 2029, with substantial design changes following the Future Research Assessment Programme.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

REF 2021
type: Concept
definition: The 2021 cycle of the UK Research Excellence Framework, whose results were published in May 2022, assessing research produced between 2014 and 2020.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

REF impact case study
type: Concept
definition: A structured narrative submission to the REF describing how research from a UK institution has produced demonstrable effects, change or benefit beyond academia.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

REF (Research Excellence Framework, UK)
type: Concept
definition: The UK's national exercise for assessing the quality of research in higher education institutions, used to inform the selective allocation of quality-related (QR) research funding.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Metric Tide Review
type: Concept
definition: The 2022-2023 re-examination of the original Metric Tide report, also chaired by James Wilsdon for Research England, which reviewed how responsible-metrics principles had been implemented since 2015.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Metric Tide Report
type: Concept
definition: The 2015 independent review of the role of metrics in UK research assessment, commissioned by HEFCE and chaired by James Wilsdon, which introduced the concept of 'responsible metrics'.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Leiden Manifesto
type: Concept
definition: A 2015 set of ten principles for the responsible use of quantitative indicators in research evaluation, authored by Hicks, Wouters, Waltman, de Rijcke and Rafols.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Hong Kong Principles for Assessing Researchers
type: Concept
definition: A set of five principles published in 2020 to guide the assessment of researchers in ways that reward research integrity and trustworthy practice rather than productivity alone.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CoARA Agreement
type: Concept
definition: The 2022 Agreement on Reforming Research Assessment that sets out ten commitments members of CoARA undertake to implement in their evaluation policies and practices.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CoARA (Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment)
type: Concept
definition: A multi-stakeholder coalition launched in 2022 to coordinate the reform of research assessment across institutions, funders and learned societies, primarily in Europe but with global membership.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DORA signatory
type: Concept
definition: An individual or organisation that has formally endorsed the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment by registering its commitment on the DORA website.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DORA (San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment)
type: Concept
definition: A 2012 declaration urging that research assessment stop relying on journal-based metrics, particularly the Journal Impact Factor, as proxies for the quality of individual research outputs or researchers.
type: dictionary_term
domain: responsible-assessment
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Benefit-sharing agreement
type: Concept
definition: A formal arrangement specifying how the benefits arising from research, use of Traditional Knowledge, or use of biocultural resources are shared with the communities from which the knowledge or resources originate.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Community-controlled research
type: Concept
definition: Research in which the community whose members, knowledge, lands, or resources are the focus exercises decisive authority over research questions, design, conduct, data governance, and dissemination.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Indigenous community review
type: Concept
definition: A formal or community-designed review process through which an Indigenous community evaluates and decides upon proposed research, data use, or other activities that affect the community, its members, or its territories.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Cultural protocol
type: Concept
definition: The established practices, norms, and expectations of an Indigenous community governing engagement with the community, its members, its knowledge, and its territories.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)
type: Concept
definition: The right of Indigenous Peoples to give or withhold consent to actions affecting them, their territories, or their resources, where consent is freely given, sought sufficiently in advance, and based on full and accessible information about the proposed activity.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Biocultural labels
type: Concept
definition: Community-controlled metadata labels developed within the Local Contexts framework to communicate Indigenous Peoples' interests, provenance, and protocols associated with biocultural and genetic data and specimens.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Local Contexts (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A framework and supporting infrastructure that enables Indigenous communities to manage and communicate their cultural and intellectual property and provenance through Traditional Knowledge Labels, Biocultural Labels, and institutional Notices.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Traditional Knowledge Labels
type: Concept
definition: Community-controlled metadata labels that communicate Indigenous community protocols, permissions, and expectations attached to Traditional Knowledge and associated data, developed through the Local Contexts initiative.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Traditional Knowledge (TK)
type: Concept
definition: Knowledge, know-how, skills, innovations, and practices developed, sustained, and passed on within Indigenous and local communities, often forming part of their cultural and spiritual identity.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Matauranga Maori
type: Concept
definition: Maori knowledge: the body of knowledge, ways of knowing, and practices held by Maori communities, encompassing language, customs, environmental knowledge, history, and worldview.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Maiam nayri Wingara
type: Concept
definition: An Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander data sovereignty collective in Australia, advocating for Indigenous Data Sovereignty principles in Australian data systems, research, and government.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Te Mana Raraunga
type: Concept
definition: The Maori Data Sovereignty Network in Aotearoa New Zealand, advocating for Maori rights and interests in data and articulating principles of Maori Data Sovereignty grounded in Te Tiriti o Waitangi and tikanga.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

OCAP Principles
type: Concept
definition: The First Nations principles of Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession, asserting that First Nations have control over data collection processes and that they own and control how this information can be used, stewarded by FNIGC.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

FNIGC (First Nations Information Governance Centre)
type: Concept
definition: A First Nations-led non-profit organisation in Canada that asserts data sovereignty by promoting and supporting First Nations communities in stewarding information, and is the custodian and disseminator of the OCAP Principles.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Indigenous Data Governance
type: Concept
definition: The principles, structures, mechanisms, and processes through which Indigenous Peoples exercise authority over the collection, access, use, and stewardship of data about themselves, their territories, resources, and ways of life.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

GIDA (Global Indigenous Data Alliance)
type: Concept
definition: An international network of Indigenous-led organisations and individuals advancing Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Indigenous Data Governance globally, and the source of the CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Indigenous Data Sovereignty
type: Concept
definition: The recognition of Indigenous Peoples' inherent and inalienable rights and interests relating to the collection, ownership, application, and stewardship of data about their peoples, lifeways, territories, and resources.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CARE Principles
type: Concept
definition: A set of principles for Indigenous data governance articulated by the Global Indigenous Data Alliance in 2019, encompassing Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics, intended to complement the FAIR data principles with people- and purpose-oriented obligations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: indigenous-data-care
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open vs closed research
type: Concept
definition: The distinction between research conducted with the intent to disseminate findings broadly through publication and other open channels, and research subject to restrictions on dissemination, foreign-national access, or publication imposed by sponsor, classification, or contractual terms.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Five Eyes alliance (research context)
type: Concept
definition: The intelligence-sharing partnership between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, increasingly invoked as a coordinating channel for aligned research security policies among the five countries.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

JASON Report on research security
type: Concept
definition: A 2019 report by the JASON advisory group, commissioned by the US National Science Foundation, analysing risks to fundamental research from foreign government influence and recommending a transparency-and-disclosure-based response rather than restrictive measures.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CHIPS and Science Act
type: Concept
definition: A 2022 United States federal statute that authorises substantial public investment in semiconductor manufacturing and scientific research, and incorporates significant research security provisions affecting federally-funded researchers and institutions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Trusted research framework (UK)
type: Concept
definition: The United Kingdom guidance and supporting tools developed by the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (now NPSA) in collaboration with UKRI and university bodies, providing practical advice to researchers and institutions on managing risks of international research collaboration.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Joint appointment (foreign)
type: Concept
definition: A formal appointment in which a researcher holds simultaneous positions at their primary institution and a foreign institution, each with defined roles, time commitments, and supervisory relationships.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Visiting scholar agreement
type: Concept
definition: A written agreement between a host institution and a visiting researcher (and frequently their home institution) defining the terms, duration, access, intellectual property, and compliance expectations of the visit.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Deemed export
type: Concept
definition: The release of controlled US technology or source code to a foreign national, even within the United States, that is treated under export control regulations as an export to the foreign national's country of nationality.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Fundamental research exemption
type: Concept
definition: A provision in US export control regulations exempting basic and applied research, conducted at accredited institutions of higher education, the results of which are ordinarily published and shared broadly within the scientific community, from many export licensing requirements.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Export-controlled research
type: Concept
definition: Research subject to government regulations restricting the transfer of certain items, software, technologies, or technical data to foreign persons, foreign destinations, or end uses, regardless of whether transfer occurs domestically or internationally.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Controlled unclassified information (CUI)
type: Concept
definition: United States government information that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls pursuant to law, regulation, or government-wide policy, but is not classified under Executive Order 13526 or the Atomic Energy Act.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sensitive technology
type: Concept
definition: A technology area designated by national authorities as having potential national security, economic security, or strategic significance, warranting heightened due diligence and protective measures in research and innovation activities.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Undue foreign influence
type: Concept
definition: The exertion of pressure, control, or hidden incentives by a foreign government or its proxies that distorts research conduct, integrity, or outputs to advance the interests of that foreign state at the expense of the funding country, host institution, or scientific community.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Foreign talent recruitment programme
type: Concept
definition: A formal or informal arrangement sponsored, organised, or supported by a foreign state, instrumentality, or affiliated entity to recruit researchers based abroad, typically offering compensation, resources, or other benefits in exchange for affiliations, research outputs, or services.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

In-kind contribution disclosure
type: Concept
definition: The disclosure of non-monetary support provided in support of research, including access to laboratories, equipment, materials, personnel, data, or computational resources, regardless of whether a financial transaction occurs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pending grants disclosure
type: Concept
definition: The disclosure of all research proposals submitted but not yet awarded or declined at the time of application, including those under review and those awaiting submission decision.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Active grants disclosure
type: Concept
definition: The disclosure of all research grants currently providing financial or in-kind support to an investigator at the time of application or progress report.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Other support (NIH format)
type: Concept
definition: The NIH-specific disclosure document listing all resources made available to a researcher in support of their research endeavours, including financial support and in-kind contributions, regardless of relevance to the NIH-funded project.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Current and pending support
type: Concept
definition: A standardised disclosure of all current, pending, and in-kind sources of research support available to an investigator, regardless of monetary value, funding source, or relationship to the proposed work.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Foreign component disclosure
type: Concept
definition: The disclosure of any significant scientific element or segment of a federally-funded research project performed outside the awardee country, including collaborators, resources, or activities conducted abroad.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research security policy
type: Concept
definition: An institutional or governmental policy framework that establishes safeguards, disclosures, and review processes intended to protect research integrity, intellectual property, sensitive data, and national interests from undue foreign influence or unauthorised transfer.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

NSPM-33
type: Concept
definition: United States National Security Presidential Memorandum 33, issued January 2021, directing federal research agencies to standardise disclosure requirements for researchers receiving federal funding and to strengthen protections against foreign government interference in the US research enterprise.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-security
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ICH GCP (Good Clinical Practice)
type: Concept
definition: The International Council for Harmonisation E6 guideline establishing an international ethical and scientific quality standard for the design, conduct, recording, and reporting of clinical trials involving human participants, compliance with which provides public assurance that the rights, safety, and wellbeing of trial participants are protected and that trial data are credible.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Conflict of interest disclosure
type: Concept
definition: The institutional process by which investigators report significant financial interests, fiduciary relationships, and other competing interests that could directly and significantly affect the design, conduct, or reporting of their research, enabling the institution to assess and manage, reduce, or eliminate identified conflicts.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data processor
type: Concept
definition: A natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that processes personal data on behalf of the controller, as defined in Article 4(8) of the GDPR, only on documented instructions from the controller and bound by a written contract meeting Article 28 requirements.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data controller
type: Concept
definition: The natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data, as defined in Article 4(7) of the GDPR.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Privacy by design
type: Concept
definition: The obligation under Article 25 of the GDPR for a controller to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures at the time of determination of the means of processing and at the time of processing itself in order to implement data-protection principles effectively and integrate the necessary safeguards into the processing.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)
type: Concept
definition: A documented assessment required under Article 35 of the GDPR where a type of processing is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, describing the processing, assessing necessity, proportionality, and risks, and identifying mitigating measures.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Right to erasure
type: Concept
definition: The right under Article 17 of the GDPR for a data subject to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning them without undue delay where one of the grounds in Article 17(1) applies and no exception in Article 17(3) operates.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data subject rights (GDPR)
type: Concept
definition: The collective set of rights conferred on identifiable individuals by Chapter III of the GDPR (Articles 12-22), including the rights to be informed, of access, to rectification, to erasure, to restriction of processing, to data portability, to object, and not to be subject to solely automated decision-making with legal or similarly significant effects.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Withdrawal of consent
type: Concept
definition: The exercise by a research participant of the right to revoke their consent to ongoing participation in research, after which the investigator must cease prospective collection of data or biospecimens from that participant and apply the protocol-specified handling of data already collected.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Dynamic consent
type: Concept
definition: A consent model implemented via a secure digital platform that enables participants to grant, modify, or withdraw consent for specific research uses over time and to receive ongoing communication about studies that use their data or samples.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Broad consent
type: Concept
definition: A regulatory consent option introduced by the 2018 revised Common Rule at §46.116(d) by which a subject consents prospectively to the storage, maintenance, and secondary research use of identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens for future unspecified studies, subject to the elements enumerated in that paragraph.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Informed consent
type: Concept
definition: The voluntary agreement of a prospective research participant, or their legally authorised representative, to take part in a specific research activity, given after disclosure of the information required by the applicable regulation and free from coercion or undue influence.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

HIPAA Privacy Rule
type: Concept
definition: The US federal regulation at 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164 Subparts A and E that establishes national standards for the protection of individually identifiable health information held or transmitted by covered entities and their business associates, requiring authorisation, a waiver, or another permitted basis for any use or disclosure for research.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)
type: Concept
definition: The European Union regulation that governs the processing of personal data of individuals in the EU, requiring a lawful basis for processing, transparency to data subjects, data-minimisation, security, and accountability, with extraterritorial application where data subjects in the EU are targeted or monitored.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Confidentiality agreement (NDA)
type: Concept
definition: A contract by which one or more parties agree to keep specified non-public information in confidence and to use it only for a defined purpose for a defined period, typically as a precursor to scientific discussions or contract negotiations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data Sharing Agreement (DSA)
type: Concept
definition: A contract between two or more parties that governs the bidirectional or multilateral exchange of data, allocating responsibilities for data quality, security, lawful basis, sub-processor use, and any controller-to-controller or joint-controller obligations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data Use Agreement (DUA)
type: Concept
definition: A contractual instrument required before a recipient may access an identifiable, restricted, or limited dataset that defines permitted uses, security obligations, re-disclosure prohibitions, destruction requirements, and breach-notification duties.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Material Transfer Agreement (MTA)
type: Concept
definition: A bilateral contract governing the transfer of tangible research materials between two institutions that defines permitted uses, ownership of the original material and derivatives, publication rights, liability, and onward-transfer restrictions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Common Rule (45 CFR 46)
type: Concept
definition: The US federal policy for the protection of human subjects codified at 45 CFR Part 46 Subpart A and adopted by twenty federal departments and agencies, which applies to all non-exempt human-subjects research conducted or supported by those agencies.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)
type: Concept
definition: An institutionally appointed committee constituted under the US Animal Welfare Act regulations and the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals that reviews and approves all proposed activities involving vertebrate animals before such activities may begin.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

REC (Research Ethics Committee)
type: Concept
definition: A UK or EU committee constituted to provide an independent ethical opinion on a research proposal involving human participants, their tissue, or their identifiable data before the research may lawfully commence.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

IRB (Institutional Review Board)
type: Concept
definition: An institutionally designated committee constituted under 45 CFR 46.107 that reviews, approves, requires modification of, or disapproves research involving human subjects before any such research may be initiated at the institution.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Whistleblower (research)
type: Concept
definition: A person who, in good faith, raises a concern about possible research misconduct, breach of research integrity, or other serious wrongdoing in a research context. The label applies when the concern is reported through a recognised channel and the reporter would benefit from protections against retaliation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Expression of concern
type: Concept
definition: A formal post-publication notice issued by a journal to alert readers to substantive concerns about a published article when the journal cannot yet conclude that retraction or correction is the appropriate outcome. An expression of concern is appropriate when concerns are credible but unresolved, often pending an institutional investigation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Correction (corrigendum)
type: Concept
definition: A formal post-publication notice that amends an error in a published article without invalidating its overall conclusions. A correction is appropriate when the error is bounded and the central findings remain reliable; a retraction is appropriate when the conclusions are unreliable.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Retraction
type: Concept
definition: The formal withdrawal of a published article from the literature by the journal, with a public retraction notice explaining the reason. An article is retracted when the journal determines that its findings are unreliable due to misconduct, honest error, or other invalidating factors.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Hong Kong Principles (2020)
type: Concept
definition: Five principles for assessing researchers, articulated by Moher and colleagues at the 6th World Conference on Research Integrity in Hong Kong (2019) and published in 2020, designed to incentivise responsible research practices through hiring, promotion, and funding decisions. An institution adheres to the principles if its assessment processes embody all five.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Singapore Statement on Research Integrity (2010)
type: Concept
definition: A short framework statement of four principles and fourteen responsibilities for the responsible conduct of research, adopted at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity in Singapore in 2010. It is referenced as a foundational global statement rather than a regulatory instrument.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ENRIO
type: Concept
definition: The European Network of Research Integrity Offices, a network of national research-integrity bodies and offices across European countries that share practices, case experience, and policy positions. An organisation joins ENRIO by application from a national body with a research-integrity remit.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

UKRIO
type: Concept
definition: The UK Research Integrity Office, an independent advisory body providing confidential, expert advice on research integrity matters to UK research organisations and researchers. A query falls within UKRIO's remit if it concerns the conduct or governance of research in a UK context.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORI (US Office of Research Integrity)
type: Concept
definition: The US federal office within the Department of Health and Human Services that oversees and monitors investigations of research misconduct involving Public Health Service-funded research. A case is in ORI's jurisdiction if PHS funds (NIH, CDC, FDA, etc.) supported the research at issue.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics)
type: Concept
definition: An international membership organisation providing standards, guidance, and case-by-case advice on publication ethics to editors and publishers. A journal is a COPE member if it adheres to the COPE Core Practices and pays the membership fee.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Citation cartel
type: Concept
definition: A group of authors, editors, or journals that systematically cite one another's work beyond what the science would warrant, in order to inflate citation-based metrics. A pattern is cartel-like when the citation flows between members are dramatically denser than flows to comparable non-members.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Tortured phrases
type: Concept
definition: Unusual paraphrases of established technical terminology that result from automated synonym substitution, often used to evade plagiarism detection. A phrase is tortured when a domain reader recognises it as a mangled rendition of a standard term.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Paper mill
type: Concept
definition: A commercial operation that produces fabricated or low-effort manuscripts and sells authorship slots, or that brokers acceptance of such manuscripts into journals. A submission originates from a paper mill if the underlying research was not conducted by the named authors or was fabricated to order.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Image duplication
type: Concept
definition: The undisclosed reuse of an image, or portion of an image, to represent a different experimental condition, time point, or sample. Duplication is problematic when the figure legend implies the images are distinct sources.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Image manipulation
type: Concept
definition: Adjustment of a research image (gel, blot, microscopy, etc.) in a way that misrepresents the underlying data or violates journal image-integrity policies. Manipulation is problematic when it changes the conclusion a reader would draw or when it would not survive disclosure.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Coercive citation
type: Concept
definition: The practice by editors or reviewers of pressuring authors to add citations that are not scientifically warranted, typically to the journal or to the reviewer's own work, as a condition of acceptance. A request is coercive when no substantive scientific reason is given and the citations would not otherwise be added.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Gift authorship
type: Concept
definition: The inclusion as an author of a person who did not meet the substantive authorship criteria, typically as a courtesy, in exchange for resources, or for prestige. An authorship is a gift when removing the named person would not require any change to the manuscript.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Ghost authorship
type: Concept
definition: The undisclosed substantial contribution to a manuscript by a person not listed as an author or named in the acknowledgements. A contribution is ghost-written when, by ICMJE criteria, it would have warranted authorship had it been disclosed.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Authorship dispute
type: Concept
definition: A disagreement between contributors over who should be listed as an author, in what order, or with what role designation. A dispute is formally recognised when raised through an institutional process or with the journal.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Salami slicing
type: Concept
definition: The practice of dividing a single coherent body of research into the smallest publishable units to maximise paper count. Outputs are salami-sliced when separating them obscures rather than clarifies the research and when readers must reassemble multiple papers to understand the whole.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Duplicate publication
type: Concept
definition: Publishing the same study, or substantially the same study, in more than one venue without cross-reference and editorial permission. Two articles are duplicates if they share the same hypothesis, sample, methods, and core results to a degree that a meta-analyst would not treat them as independent.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Self-plagiarism
type: Concept
definition: Reusing substantial portions of one's own previously published work in a new publication without disclosure or appropriate citation. A reuse qualifies if a reader is led to believe the material is new when it is not.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Plagiarism
type: Concept
definition: The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. A passage or idea counts as plagiarised if a reasonable reader would attribute it to the new author when the substance originated with someone else.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Falsification
type: Concept
definition: Manipulating research materials, equipment, processes, or data such that the research record does not accurately represent the actual results. A modification qualifies if it is undisclosed and changes the conclusions a reader would draw.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Fabrication
type: Concept
definition: Making up data or results and recording or reporting them as if real. A finding is fabricated if no underlying experiment, observation, or measurement actually produced it.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research misconduct
type: Concept
definition: Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism (FFP) in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. An act qualifies if it is a significant departure from accepted practices, committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly, and proven by a preponderance of evidence.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research integrity
type: Concept
definition: The adherence to professional values and practices (honesty, rigour, transparency, accountability, fairness) such that research can be trusted by other researchers and by society. A practice exhibits research integrity if it could be openly described to peers without embarrassment or sanction.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-integrity
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Synthetic benchmark
type: Concept
definition: A benchmark whose evaluation items are wholly or partially generated by another model or procedural method, rather than collected from natural human-produced sources, used to probe specific capabilities or to scale evaluation cheaply.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback)
type: Concept
definition: A training methodology in which a language model is fine-tuned using a reward signal derived from human preferences over pairs (or larger sets) of candidate model outputs, typically by first training a reward model and then optimising the policy against it via PPO or a related algorithm.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Constitutional AI (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A training methodology in which a model is trained to align its outputs with a written set of principles ('a constitution'), with the model itself used to critique and revise candidate responses against those principles in place of direct human feedback at scale.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Prompt injection
type: Concept
definition: An attack on a language-model-based system in which adversarial instructions, embedded in untrusted input (a document, web page, tool output, image), cause the model to act in ways that diverge from its developer's or user's intent.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Jailbreak (LLM)
type: Concept
definition: A prompt or interaction pattern that causes a language model to bypass its safety training and produce outputs the model was tuned to refuse, such as harmful instructions, restricted content, or violations of provider policy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Red-teaming
type: Concept
definition: The practice of deliberately adversarial testing of an AI system by skilled testers attempting to elicit failures, unsafe outputs, or policy violations, in order to discover weaknesses before deployment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI safety case
type: Concept
definition: A structured, evidence-based argument that an AI system is acceptably safe to deploy in a defined context, modelled on safety cases from established engineering disciplines (nuclear, aviation, medical devices).
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI evaluation card
type: Concept
definition: A structured documentation artefact specifically describing an evaluation of an AI system, separate from the model card, including the evaluation methodology, datasets, metrics, results, and known limitations of the evaluation itself.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reproducible AI experiment
type: Concept
definition: An AI experiment for which sufficient artefacts and metadata are released (data, code, seed, environment, hyperparameters, training procedure) that an independent investigator can re-run it and obtain numerically equivalent or statistically indistinguishable results.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open-source model (criteria)
type: Concept
definition: A model meeting the criteria articulated by the Open Source Initiative's Open Source AI Definition: open data information, open code, and open weights, with each released under terms compatible with the OSI's freedoms to use, study, modify, and share.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open weights model
type: Concept
definition: A model whose trained parameter values are publicly released and downloadable, typically under a named licence, distinct from but often described as 'open' even when training data and code are not released.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model weight licence
type: Concept
definition: The licence terms governing the use, modification, and redistribution of a model's trained weights, which may differ from the licence on the training code and the licence on the training data.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model checkpoint
type: Concept
definition: A saved snapshot of a model's parameters (and optionally optimiser state) at a specific point in training, identified by a step number or version tag and serialised to a file format such as safetensors or .pt.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model evaluation suite
type: Concept
definition: A defined collection of benchmarks, tasks, and metrics, with standardised prompting and decoding rules, used to characterise a model's capabilities and behaviour across a range of dimensions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model fine-tune lineage
type: Concept
definition: The specific portion of model lineage that records the sequence of fine-tuning operations applied to a base model: dataset, method (SFT, DPO, RLHF, LoRA), hyperparameters, and resulting checkpoint identifier.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model lineage
type: Concept
definition: The chain of provenance for a model recording its base model, the fine-tuning datasets and procedures applied, and any further derivatives, such that any deployed model can be traced back to its constituent training operations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Inference carbon footprint
type: Concept
definition: The greenhouse-gas emissions associated with serving inference requests from a deployed model, typically expressed per-request (e.g., gCO2e per query) or in aggregate (kgCO2e per month).
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Training carbon footprint
type: Concept
definition: The total greenhouse-gas emissions, expressed in kilograms or tonnes of CO2-equivalent, attributable to training a machine-learning model, estimated from energy consumption and the carbon intensity of the electricity supply.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Compute (FLOPs estimate)
type: Concept
definition: The total floating-point operations consumed by training a model, conventionally reported as a single number (e.g., 3.0 x 10^25 FLOPs) used as a regulatory and scientific proxy for training-run scale.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Training data composition
type: Concept
definition: The mixture of data sources, by domain, language, modality, and provenance, used to train a model, including the proportions and any filtering or deduplication applied.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Parameter count
type: Concept
definition: The total number of learnable scalar weights in a machine-learning model, conventionally reported as a count (e.g., 7B = 7 x 10^9 parameters) and disclosed as a basic model metadata field.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mixture-of-experts (MoE)
type: Concept
definition: A neural-network architecture in which a learned router directs each input (or token) to a small subset of specialist sub-networks ('experts'), so that the model has a large total parameter count but uses only a fraction per forward pass.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Frontier model
type: Concept
definition: A foundation model whose capabilities meet or exceed the most advanced publicly known systems at the time of training, often defined operationally by training-compute thresholds or by performance on canonical benchmarks.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Foundation model
type: Concept
definition: A large machine-learning model trained on broad data at scale and adaptable to a wide range of downstream tasks through fine-tuning, prompting, or retrieval augmentation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

MMLU benchmark
type: Concept
definition: The Massive Multitask Language Understanding benchmark, a 57-subject multiple-choice test covering elementary, high-school, college, and professional knowledge, designed to probe broad-coverage language-model knowledge.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

HELM benchmark
type: Concept
definition: The Holistic Evaluation of Language Models benchmark, a multi-metric framework evaluating language models across accuracy, calibration, robustness, fairness, bias, toxicity, and efficiency on a fixed set of scenarios.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

BIG-bench
type: Concept
definition: The Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark, a community-contributed collection of more than 200 tasks designed to probe capabilities of large language models that may be missed by narrower benchmarks.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

MLCommons benchmark
type: Concept
definition: A benchmark published by the MLCommons consortium for measuring AI system performance under standardised workloads, datasets, and submission rules, with the principal suites being MLPerf Training, MLPerf Inference, and MLPerf HPC.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Hugging Face Hub (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A web-based platform and ecosystem for sharing machine-learning models, datasets, and demonstration applications ('Spaces'), with conventions for model cards, dataset cards, and versioned repositories.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

NIST AI RMF (Risk Management Framework)
type: Concept
definition: The US National Institute of Standards and Technology's voluntary framework for managing risks associated with AI systems across the AI lifecycle, structured around the functions Govern, Map, Measure, and Manage.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ISO/IEC 42001 (AI management system)
type: Concept
definition: An international standard, published in 2023, specifying requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an AI Management System within an organisation, structured analogously to ISO 9001 (quality) and ISO/IEC 27001 (information security).
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI conformance assessment
type: Concept
definition: A formal evaluation, conducted by the AI system provider or a notified third-party body, demonstrating that an AI system meets the applicable regulatory or standard-based requirements before being placed on the market.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI assurance
type: Concept
definition: The process of measuring, evaluating, and communicating the trustworthiness of AI systems through evidence-based mechanisms such as audits, certifications, impact assessments, and conformity declarations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Trustworthy AI
type: Concept
definition: AI systems exhibiting properties (lawful, ethical, technically robust) that warrant the trust of users, affected parties, and society, as articulated in the EU High-Level Expert Group's framework and adopted in subsequent regulation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Responsible AI
type: Concept
definition: An umbrella term covering the design, development, deployment, and governance practices intended to ensure AI systems are ethical, fair, transparent, accountable, robust, secure, and respectful of privacy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Use card
type: Concept
definition: A documentation artefact recording an intended deployment context for a model or system, including the user population, the decisions the model informs, the supervision regime, and out-of-scope uses.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Algorithm card
type: Concept
definition: A documentation artefact describing the algorithmic method or family (e.g., a particular gradient-boosting estimator, a clustering algorithm) independent of any particular trained instance, including inductive biases, assumptions, complexity, and intended use cases.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Bias audit (model)
type: Concept
definition: An audit specifically focused on disparate model performance across demographic, geographic, or contextual sub-groups, including testing for direct, proxy, and intersectional disparities.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model audit
type: Concept
definition: A structured assessment of a machine-learning model by an independent party against pre-specified criteria covering performance, robustness, fairness, security, privacy, and conformance with stated policy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data statement (NLP)
type: Concept
definition: A standardised description of an NLP dataset covering curation rationale, language variety, speaker and annotator demographics, speech situation, text characteristics, and recording quality.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Datasheet for datasets
type: Concept
definition: A structured document accompanying a machine-learning dataset that records its motivation, composition, collection process, pre-processing, intended uses, distribution, and maintenance, modelled on electronic-component datasheets.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

System card
type: Concept
definition: A documentation artefact describing an AI-enabled system in its production configuration, including the constituent models, the pre- and post-processing pipeline, safety filters, monitoring, and operational guardrails.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model card
type: Concept
definition: A short, structured document accompanying a machine-learning model that records its intended use, training data, evaluation methodology, performance characteristics across population sub-groups, and known limitations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: ai-ml-research-outputs
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Scientific rigour
type: Concept
definition: The strict application of the scientific method to ensure unbiased and well-controlled experimental design, methodology, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of results.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Authentication of key resources
type: Concept
definition: The verification, by methods appropriate to the resource type, of the identity and integrity of biological and chemical materials used in research, including cell lines, antibodies, animal models, and specialty chemicals.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

NIH Rigor and Reproducibility policy
type: Concept
definition: The set of US National Institutes of Health policies, effective from 2016, requiring applicants and grantees to address scientific premise, scientific rigour, biological variables (including sex as a biological variable), and authentication of key biological and chemical resources in grant applications.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

STROBE
type: Concept
definition: The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, a 22-item checklist covering items that should be reported in cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PRISMA 2020
type: Concept
definition: The 2020 update of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses, a 27-item checklist with accompanying flow diagram for reporting systematic reviews.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CONSORT 2010
type: Concept
definition: The 2010 edition of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, a 25-item checklist and participant-flow diagram covering items that should be reported in any randomised controlled trial publication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ARRIVE 2.0
type: Concept
definition: The 2020 revision of the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines, a checklist of items that should be reported in any publication describing animal research, in order to enable assessment and replication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

TOP Guidelines
type: Concept
definition: The Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines, an eight-standard framework for journal policies covering citation, data, materials, code, design, analysis, pre-registration, and replication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Crowdsourced replication
type: Concept
definition: A coordinated effort in which many independent laboratories or teams attempt to replicate the same set of studies under pre-specified protocols, in order to estimate field-wide replicability.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Many-analysts study
type: Concept
definition: A study design in which a single dataset and research question are given to multiple independent analysts or teams who proceed without coordination, and the distribution of their conclusions is then compared.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Researcher degrees of freedom
type: Concept
definition: The decisions an analyst makes during a study (inclusion criteria, outcome definition, model specification, covariate set) any of which, if made differently, would yield a different result.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Garden of forking paths
type: Concept
definition: The Gelman-Loken metaphor for the implicit, data-dependent multiplicity of analytical choices made in the course of an empirical study, even by analysts not engaged in explicit p-hacking.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Forking paths
type: Concept
definition: The phenomenon by which the cumulative effect of many small, data-contingent analytical choices inflates false-positive rates even when each individual choice appears defensible.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

HARKing (Hypothesising After Results are Known)
type: Concept
definition: Presenting a post-hoc hypothesis, formulated after data analysis, as if it had been the a priori hypothesis under test.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

P-hacking
type: Concept
definition: The practice of selectively reporting or adjusting analytical choices in order to obtain a statistically significant p-value, typically below the conventional 0.05 threshold.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reproducibility audit
type: Concept
definition: A systematic, post-publication examination of whether a study's published results can be obtained from its deposited data and code, typically performed by an independent analyst.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Code review (research software)
type: Concept
definition: A structured review of research software by one or more peers, focused on correctness, clarity, documentation, testing, and fitness for purpose, conducted before publication or as part of community-curated software repositories.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Software citation (Software Citation Working Group)
type: Concept
definition: The practice of citing research software in the reference list of a publication, with sufficient metadata (authors, title, version, persistent identifier, role) to credit creators and enable retrieval of the cited version.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

FAIR4RS Software Citation Principles
type: Concept
definition: An extension of the FAIR Guiding Principles to research software, articulating that software should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable, with the precise interpretations adapted to software's distinctive properties (executability, versioning, dependencies).
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reproducible Research Practices (RRP)
type: Concept
definition: The set of disciplinary norms, tools, and habits that together raise the probability that published research will be reproducible: literate programming, version control, dependency pinning, data deposit, code release, and reporting standards.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Nextflow (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A workflow orchestration system based on dataflow programming with a Groovy-based domain-specific language, designed for scalable, container-native, multi-platform execution of computational pipelines.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Snakemake (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A Python-based workflow management system that expresses computational pipelines as rules with explicit inputs, outputs, and shell or script bodies, and infers a directed acyclic graph (DAG) of jobs from those rules.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Container image (Docker/Singularity/Apptainer)
type: Concept
definition: A packaged, immutable filesystem and configuration that contains an application together with all its dependencies, runnable identically on any compatible container engine (Docker, Podman, Singularity, Apptainer).
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Workflow language (CWL/WDL)
type: Concept
definition: A declarative specification language for describing multi-step computational analyses such that the steps, their inputs and outputs, and their software dependencies are portable across compatible workflow execution engines.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Computational environment
type: Concept
definition: The full software and hardware context in which an analysis runs, including operating system, language runtime, library versions, configuration, environment variables, and hardware-specific dependencies (e.g., GPU drivers).
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Code availability statement
type: Concept
definition: A statement in a published article describing where the source code used in the study can be obtained, under what licence, and at what version, typically required by journal policy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data availability statement
type: Concept
definition: A statement in a published article describing where the data underlying the study can be found, the conditions of access, and any restrictions, typically required by journal policy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open data
type: Concept
definition: The practice of making research data freely available for any user to access, use, modify, and share, subject only to attribution requirements, typically through deposit in a public repository under an open licence.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open materials
type: Concept
definition: The release of the non-data, non-code materials used in a study (stimuli, survey instruments, experimental protocols, training materials, intervention manuals) such that future investigators can re-implement the procedure.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open code
type: Concept
definition: The practice of releasing the source code used in a study, under an open-source licence, alongside the publication, such that any reader may inspect, reuse, and re-execute the analysis.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Robustness check
type: Concept
definition: An additional analysis, supplementary to the headline result, that varies one or more analytical choices in order to demonstrate that the main conclusion is not artefactual to those choices.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Multiverse analysis
type: Concept
definition: An analytical approach in which all reasonable combinations of data-processing and modelling choices are executed, producing a distribution of results that displays the impact of researcher degrees of freedom on the conclusion.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Specification curve
type: Concept
definition: An analytic and visual technique that plots the estimated effect across a large set of theoretically defensible model specifications, ordered by effect size, to convey the sensitivity of the result to analytical choices.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pre-analysis plan
type: Concept
definition: A detailed, time-stamped document specifying the statistical models, variable transformations, exclusion criteria, and inference rules to be applied to a dataset, lodged before the analyst sees the outcome data.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pre-registration
type: Concept
definition: The practice of publicly recording a study's hypotheses, design, sample, and analysis plan in a time-stamped registry before data collection or (in secondary-data work) before data access, in order to distinguish pre-specified from post-hoc analyses.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reproducibility crisis
type: Concept
definition: The widely reported finding that substantial proportions of published research, particularly in biomedical, psychological, and social sciences, fail to reproduce or replicate when re-tested.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Inferential reproducibility
type: Concept
definition: The degree to which independent analysts reach the same qualitative scientific conclusion from the same data, even where their analytical choices differ.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Results reproducibility
type: Concept
definition: The narrow sense in which a study's reported quantitative results can be recreated from the deposited data using the deposited analysis procedures.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Methods reproducibility
type: Concept
definition: The degree to which a study's methods are reported in sufficient detail that another investigator could re-implement them, independent of whether the same numerical or empirical results would follow.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Empirical reproducibility
type: Concept
definition: The ability to obtain consistent observations when an empirical procedure (laboratory, field, or measurement) is independently repeated under matched conditions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Computational reproducibility
type: Concept
definition: The narrow technical sense of reproducibility: obtaining the same numerical outputs from the same data and code, on a comparable computational environment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Generalisability
type: Concept
definition: The extent to which a study's findings extend to populations, settings, or conditions other than those directly sampled.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Robustness
type: Concept
definition: The stability of a study's conclusions under reasonable variations in analytical choices, model specification, sample inclusion, or measurement, on the same data.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Replicability
type: Concept
definition: The ability to obtain consistent results when an independent investigator collects new data using the same study design and analysis procedures.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reproducibility
type: Concept
definition: The ability to obtain consistent computational or analytical results when the same data and analysis procedures are applied by an independent investigator using the same code and tools.
type: dictionary_term
domain: reproducibility
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sensitive-data handling (in DMP)
type: Concept
definition: The section of a DMP that documents the categories of sensitive data involved (personal, special category, commercially confidential, indigenous, security-restricted), the legal basis for processing, and the technical and organisational measures applied.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sharing commitment (in DMP)
type: Concept
definition: A statement in a DMP specifying which datasets will be shared, to whom, on what licence, with what timing relative to project end, and through which infrastructure.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Retention period (in DMP)
type: Concept
definition: The minimum duration for which a specified dataset will be retained after project end, expressed as a calendar period and recorded as part of the DMP's preservation commitments.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Preservation commitment (in DMP)
type: Concept
definition: A statement in a DMP specifying which datasets will be preserved beyond project end, in which repository, for how long, and under what conditions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Cost element (in DMP)
type: Concept
definition: A line item in a DMP describing a financial commitment associated with data management, such as repository deposit fees, long-term storage, data steward time, or anonymisation services.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Output management plan (OMP)
type: Concept
definition: A broader successor concept to the DMP that covers all categories of research output (data, software, samples, protocols, models, publications) within a single management plan.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Software management plan (SMP)
type: Concept
definition: A structured plan covering how research software will be developed, documented, licensed, tested, released, and maintained over a project's lifetime, increasingly required alongside or as an extension of a DMP.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data steward role (in DMP)
type: Concept
definition: A named individual or role accountable for the day-to-day execution of a DMP's commitments, typically distinct from the principal investigator and reported in the DMP's contributor metadata.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP component
type: Concept
definition: A discrete, reusable section of a DMP corresponding to a logical entity (project, dataset, contributor, host, cost, security_and_privacy) as modelled in the RDA DMP Common Standard.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP compliance check
type: Concept
definition: An automated or rules-based verification that a DMP satisfies the structural and policy requirements of a specific funder, institution, or standard, typically returning a binary or itemised pass/fail outcome.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP assessment
type: Concept
definition: The structured rating of a DMP against a published rubric to produce a comparable score across plans, used in funder evaluation, institutional benchmarking, and capacity-building.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP review
type: Concept
definition: A formal or informal evaluation of a DMP by a peer, data steward, librarian, or funder reviewer against quality criteria such as completeness, plausibility, and policy alignment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Living DMP
type: Concept
definition: A DMP that is versioned, citable, and intended to evolve over the life of the project, with each significant change captured as a new version of the plan.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Static DMP
type: Concept
definition: A DMP that is produced at a single point in time (typically grant submission) and not subsequently updated, regardless of whether the project's data realities evolve.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Active DMP
type: Concept
definition: A DMP that is actively maintained, updated, and queried during project execution, typically in machine-actionable form, in contrast to a one-off document filed at proposal stage.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP closeout phase
type: Concept
definition: The final phase of the DMP lifecycle, at or after project end, when the plan is reconciled against actual outputs, preservation commitments are confirmed, and the DMP is archived as part of the project record.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP active phase
type: Concept
definition: The phase of the DMP lifecycle during project execution, when the plan is iteratively updated as data are actually generated, processed, and deposited.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP creation phase
type: Concept
definition: The phase of the DMP lifecycle covering initial drafting, typically at grant-proposal stage, when data types, volumes, and intended sharing arrangements are projected rather than known.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP lifecycle
type: Concept
definition: The set of phases through which a Data Management Plan passes from initial drafting at proposal stage, through active project execution, to project closeout and post-project preservation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP RDA-JSON-LD
type: Concept
definition: A JSON-LD context and ontology rendering of the RDA DMP Common Standard, enabling DMP graphs to be expressed as linked data and merged with other research-information graphs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ezDMP
type: Concept
definition: A funder-focused DMP creation service that guides researchers through funder-specific (originally US NSF directorates') requirements and produces both narrative and structured outputs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DataDMP
type: Concept
definition: A DMP authoring and management platform developed in Germany that implements the RDA DMP Common Standard and emphasises integration with institutional research-data infrastructures.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Argos (OpenAIRE)
type: Concept
definition: OpenAIRE's open-source DMP authoring service, designed from the outset around the RDA DMP Common Standard and integrated with European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) and OpenAIRE Research Graph services.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMPonline (DCC product)
type: Concept
definition: The UK Digital Curation Centre's hosted instance of the DMPRoadmap platform, providing DMP authoring for UK and international institutions against funder-specific templates.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMPRoadmap (DMP Tool)
type: Concept
definition: An open-source Ruby on Rails platform for creating, reviewing, and exporting Data Management Plans, jointly developed by the UK Digital Curation Centre and the University of California Curation Center, and deployed under different brands (notably DMPonline and DMPTool).
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP machine-readable expression
type: Concept
definition: The structured serialisation of a DMP's content in a format (JSON, JSON-LD, XML) that conforming software can parse, validate, and act upon without human re-interpretation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP narrative
type: Concept
definition: The human-readable prose portion of a Data Management Plan, typically organised under the headings of the applicable funder or institutional template.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DMP template
type: Concept
definition: A funder-, institution-, or community-specific structured set of questions and guidance used to elicit the content of a Data Management Plan from researchers.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

RDA DMP Common Standard
type: Concept
definition: A community-developed application profile, maintained by the Research Data Alliance DMP Common Standards Working Group, defining the core entities, properties, and JSON schema for expressing machine-actionable DMPs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Machine-actionable DMP (maDMP)
type: Concept
definition: A Data Management Plan expressed in a structured, machine-readable format (typically JSON conforming to the RDA DMP Common Standard) that enables automated exchange, validation, and updating between systems such as DMP tools, repositories, CRIS/RIMS, and funder portals.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data Management Plan (DMP)
type: Concept
definition: A formal document that describes how research data will be collected, processed, described, stored, shared, preserved, and (where appropriate) destroyed across the lifecycle of a research project.
type: dictionary_term
domain: machine-actionable-dmps
track: C
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Aggregator service
type: Concept
definition: A service that harvests, harmonises, and re-exposes metadata and (sometimes) content from many upstream sources, providing a unified search, browse, or query interface across the aggregated corpus; canonical examples include OpenAIRE, BASE, CORE, and OpenAlex.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data safe haven
type: Concept
definition: A secure data-handling environment that allows controlled, audited access to sensitive datasets for approved research, applying technical, physical, and procedural safeguards; effectively a synonym for trusted research environment (TRE) in much current usage, though the term has older roots in NHS information governance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Five Safes framework
type: Concept
definition: A framework for the safe use of sensitive data in research, articulated by the UK Office for National Statistics, that organises controls under five dimensions: Safe People, Safe Projects, Safe Settings, Safe Data, and Safe Outputs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Trusted research environment
type: Concept
definition: A secure computing environment — typically delivered as a remote-access workspace with controlled inbound/outbound data flows — that allows accredited researchers to analyse sensitive data in situ without exporting the data, supporting privacy-preserving secondary research use.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sensitive-data repository
type: Concept
definition: A repository specifically designed to hold sensitive research data — typically personal data, health data, criminal-justice data, commercially-confidential data, or culturally-sensitive Indigenous data — with enhanced access controls, audit logging, contractual access conditions, and (often) a secure analysis environment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Persistent data identifier
type: Concept
definition: A persistent identifier (typically a DataCite DOI, but also IGSN for samples, Handle, ARK, or other PID-scheme identifier) assigned to a research dataset to support stable citation, attribution, and resolution over the long term.
type: dictionary_term
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Dataset landing page
type: Concept
definition: The human-readable web page that a dataset's persistent identifier (typically a DataCite DOI) resolves to, presenting the dataset's title, creators, description, identifiers, dates, version history, related works, access conditions, and a link to download or request the data.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles
type: Concept
definition: The 2014 statement produced by Force11's Data Citation Synthesis Group, signed by a wide community of publishers, funders, repositories, and infrastructure providers, that articulates eight principles for the citation of research data in scholarly communication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data citation principle
type: Concept
definition: Any of the eight principles articulated in the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (Force11, 2014) covering importance, credit and attribution, evidence, unique identification, access, persistence, specificity and verifiability, and interoperability and flexibility of data citations in scholarly communication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data publication platform
type: Concept
definition: A platform that supports the publication of research data as a citable artefact — assigning a persistent identifier, presenting a landing page, and applying review, curation, or peer-review processes — distinct from purely depositional storage.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Domain repository
type: Concept
definition: Synonym for discipline-specific repository: a repository whose scope is a particular research domain (or domain-sub-area), with curation practices and metadata tailored to that domain.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Generalist repository
type: Concept
definition: A repository that accepts research outputs from any discipline, applying domain-agnostic curation and discovery, and serving as a deposit destination for outputs that have no natural discipline-specific home or whose authors prefer a single multidisciplinary venue.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Discipline-specific repository
type: Concept
definition: A repository whose scope is bounded to a particular research discipline or sub-discipline, with curation practices, metadata schemas, and community standards tailored to that domain's data types, terminologies, and norms.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

FAIRsharing (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A curated, community-driven registry of databases, standards (metadata, identifiers, formats, terminologies), and data policies relevant to research data, maintained at the University of Oxford with linkage to funders, journals, and standards organisations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Re3data (concept)
type: Concept
definition: Registry of Research Data Repositories: a global registry, operated by DataCite and partner institutions, that lists research data repositories worldwide with descriptive metadata about their disciplines, content types, access conditions, and policies, helping researchers locate suitable repositories for deposit and discovery.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

UK Data Service (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A UK ESRC-funded data infrastructure that holds, curates, and provides access to social, economic, and population data resources for research, learning, and policy, comprising the UK Data Archive at the University of Essex and partner institutions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ICPSR (concept)
type: Concept
definition: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research: a consortium-membership-funded data archive based at the University of Michigan that holds and curates over 10,000 social-science research datasets, providing access to member institutions worldwide.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Harvard Dataverse (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A free research-data repository operated by Harvard University on the open-source Dataverse software platform, accepting datasets from researchers worldwide, minting DataCite DOIs, and serving as the flagship instance of the global Dataverse network.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Dryad (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A non-profit generalist research data repository operated by Dryad Data Inc. (in partnership with the California Digital Library) that publishes peer-reviewed-paper-linked datasets, mints DataCite DOIs, and applies curation review before publication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Figshare (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A commercial generalist research repository operated by Digital Science that accepts datasets, figures, presentations, papers, software, and other research artefacts, minting DataCite DOIs and offering institutional-branded instances ('Figshare for Institutions') alongside the public service.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Zenodo (concept)
type: Concept
definition: A free generalist research repository operated by CERN and developed under OpenAIRE that accepts deposits of datasets, software, publications, presentations, posters, and other research artefacts, minting DataCite DOIs and providing free preservation up to a per-record size limit.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

GitHub mirror
type: Concept
definition: A copy of a Git repository (or set of repositories) hosted on GitHub that tracks an upstream source repository elsewhere, typically maintained for redundancy, visibility, or community-engagement reasons rather than as the canonical primary copy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Software Heritage archive
type: Concept
definition: A non-profit international initiative based at Inria that systematically crawls, archives, and preserves the world's publicly available source code, including its full version-control history, and issues persistent identifiers (Software Hash Identifiers, SWHIDs) to every archived artefact.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Code repository
type: Concept
definition: A version-controlled storage location for source code, typically operated on top of a distributed version-control system such as Git, exposing the code's full revision history, branches, tags, and (often) collaboration features such as issues, pull requests, and code review.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Tissue bank
type: Concept
definition: A specific kind of biobank focused on the collection, processing, storage, and distribution of human tissue samples (typically solid tissue specimens from surgical or post-mortem sources), governed under tissue-banking regulation in the relevant jurisdiction.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sample repository
type: Concept
definition: A repository for physical research samples — geological, environmental, biological, or material — that catalogues, stores, and provides access to samples for downstream analysis, often issuing persistent identifiers (IGSN, DataCite DOI) for citation and provenance tracking.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Biorepository
type: Concept
definition: A facility or organisation that collects, processes, stores, and distributes biological materials and their associated data for research, encompassing both human and non-human samples, distinguished from a 'biobank' by usage in some communities to denote broader scope or specific research projects.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Biobank
type: Concept
definition: An organised collection of biological samples (typically human samples such as blood, tissue, DNA, urine) together with their associated clinical, demographic, and lifestyle data, governed for use in biomedical research.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

National data infrastructure
type: Concept
definition: A coordinated, nationally-scoped programme and set of services for the storage, sharing, and reuse of research data within a country, typically combining funding policy, technical infrastructure (repositories, compute, federation), training, and governance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data hub
type: Concept
definition: A central node in a data ecosystem that aggregates, harmonises, and brokers access to data from multiple upstream sources, exposing the harmonised data to downstream consumers via curated APIs, query interfaces, or download endpoints.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Federated data infrastructure
type: Concept
definition: A data infrastructure in which data, services, and access controls remain distributed across multiple independent nodes (typically operated by different organisations) but are made discoverable, queryable, and usable as a unified resource through shared protocols, vocabularies, and identity-federation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data warehouse
type: Concept
definition: A central repository of structured data, integrated from multiple operational sources, modelled for analytical querying (typically with a star or snowflake schema), and optimised for read-heavy workloads supporting reporting and decision-making.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data lake
type: Concept
definition: A storage repository that holds large volumes of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data in their native formats, deferring schema-on-write requirements so that data can be ingested cheaply and only structured at the time of read or analysis.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data commons
type: Concept
definition: A shared data resource — often combined with shared computing and analysis tools — governed by a community under defined access and contribution rules, designed to enable many users to use and add to the resource for collective benefit.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data trust
type: Concept
definition: A legal and organisational structure in which a fiduciary intermediary holds, governs, and brokers access to a body of data on behalf of its contributors and beneficiaries, applying agreed terms of access, use, and accountability.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

World Data System certification
type: Concept
definition: Historic certification programme of ICSU's World Data System (WDS) under which scientific data centres in geosciences and related fields were certified as trustworthy; merged with the Data Seal of Approval in 2017 to form CoreTrustSeal.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CoreTrustSeal
type: Concept
definition: A community-based, non-profit certification scheme for trustworthy data repositories, operated by the CoreTrustSeal Foundation, awarded against 16 published requirements covering organisational infrastructure, digital object management, and technical infrastructure.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Trusted digital repository
type: Concept
definition: A digital repository whose mission, governance, technical infrastructure, and procedures have been independently assessed against a recognised standard (e.g. CoreTrustSeal, nestor seal, ISO 16363) and judged trustworthy to preserve digital content over the long term.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

EOSC Federation
type: Concept
definition: The architectural model adopted by EOSC for federating heterogeneous national, thematic, and pan-European research-data infrastructures into a single user-facing layer, with shared identity and access management, monitoring, accounting, helpdesk, and service onboarding.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

EOSC Marketplace
type: Concept
definition: The catalogue of FAIR research services accessible to European researchers through the European Open Science Cloud, where service providers register their offerings and researchers can discover, order, and (where applicable) access services with EOSC-federated authentication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Crossref deposit XML
type: Concept
definition: The XML schema family maintained by Crossref that publishers and content-registration members use to submit metadata when minting Crossref DOIs, with distinct sub-schemas for journals, books, conference proceedings, preprints, peer reviews, grants, and standards.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DataCite metadata schema
type: Concept
definition: The XML/JSON schema (current version 4.x) maintained by the DataCite Metadata Working Group that defines the mandatory, recommended, and optional metadata properties to be supplied when registering a DOI through DataCite.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

RIOXX
type: Concept
definition: Research Outputs Information Exchange XML (RIOXX): a UK-originated application profile for institutional-repository metadata, layered on Dublin Core, designed to capture funder, project, and licence information for OA-compliance reporting, currently maintained at v3.0.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

MODS
type: Concept
definition: Metadata Object Description Schema: a Library of Congress XML schema for descriptive bibliographic metadata, designed as a richer alternative to Dublin Core and a more flexible alternative to MARC for library, archive, and repository contexts.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

METS
type: Concept
definition: Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard: a Library of Congress-maintained XML schema for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata for digital library objects, providing a wrapper around content files and metadata sections.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

RDF triple store
type: Concept
definition: A database management system specialised for storing and querying RDF (Resource Description Framework) statements — subject-predicate-object triples (or named-graph quads) — typically with a SPARQL query engine on top.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

SPARQL endpoint
type: Concept
definition: An HTTP endpoint that accepts SPARQL queries (the W3C-standard query language for RDF) against an RDF dataset and returns results in standard formats (XML, JSON, CSV, TSV), implementing the SPARQL 1.1 Protocol.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Linked Data Fragments
type: Concept
definition: A family of Web interfaces for publishing RDF data — ranging from data dumps through SPARQL endpoints to lightweight Triple Pattern Fragments — designed to allow clients to query large RDF datasets without overloading the server.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ResourceSync
type: Concept
definition: ANSI/NISO Z39.99: a framework for synchronising resources between a source server and one or more destination servers using Web-based sitemaps with extensions for change lists, incremental updates, and push notifications.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

OAI-ORE
type: Concept
definition: Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange: a set of specifications, complementary to OAI-PMH, that define how to describe and exchange aggregations of Web resources (a 'compound digital object') using standard Web Architecture and Linked Data principles.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

JATS XML
type: Concept
definition: Journal Article Tag Suite (ANSI/NISO Z39.96): an XML vocabulary for describing the textual content and metadata of scholarly journal articles, comprising tag sets for archival (Green), publishing (Blue), and authoring (Pumpkin) use cases.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

OAI-PMH
type: Concept
definition: Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting: a low-barrier HTTP/XML protocol that allows a 'data provider' system (typically a repository or CRIS) to expose its metadata records for incremental harvesting by 'service providers' (aggregators, search services, national portals).
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CRIS interoperability
type: Concept
definition: The capacity of CRIS systems to exchange data with each other and with adjacent systems (repositories, funders, publishers, aggregators) through shared data models, schemas, protocols, and persistent identifiers — most prominently CERIF, OAI-PMH, OpenAIRE Guidelines, and PID-based joins.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Affiliation (CRIS)
type: Concept
definition: In CRIS terminology, a time-bounded relationship between a Person record and an Organization Unit, capturing the role (employee, visitor, honorary, student), start and end dates, employment fraction, and other contextual attributes of the association.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Organization unit
type: Concept
definition: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a structural component of a research organisation — a faculty, school, department, institute, centre, lab, or research group — with its own identifier, name, parent and child relationships, type, start and end dates, and links to People, Projects, and Outputs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Person record (CRIS)
type: Concept
definition: In CRIS terminology, the entity representing an individual person involved in research — researcher, RA, PhD candidate, or other contributor — with metadata including names (preferred and historical), identifiers (ORCID iD, ISNI, local HR ID), employments, qualifications, and links to outputs, projects, and organisational units.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project (CRIS)
type: Concept
definition: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a discrete research project with a defined scope, time period, participating people and organisations, funding source(s), and intended or actual outputs — typically the central organising entity for activity-level reporting.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Funding entity
type: Concept
definition: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a specific award or funding instance — its funder, award number, amount, currency, start and end dates, and the project and people it supports — distinct from the abstract Funder organisation and from the project itself.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research output (CRIS)
type: Concept
definition: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a discrete product of research — a publication, dataset, software release, patent, performance, exhibition, or other recognised output — recorded with its own identifier, type, date, contributors, and relationships to people, organisations, and projects.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research activity (CRIS)
type: Concept
definition: In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a research undertaking — typically a project, programme, or organised research effort — with its own start and end dates, participants, funding sources, outputs, and host organisation, around which CRIS data accretes over the activity's lifetime.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research entity (CRIS)
type: Concept
definition: A first-class object in a CRIS data model — typically Person, Project, Publication, Organisation Unit, Funding, Equipment, or Activity — that has its own identifier, metadata schema, and relationships to other entities, and that can be managed and reported on independently.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

EOSC
type: Concept
definition: European Open Science Cloud: an EU-led initiative and emerging federation of research data infrastructures intended to provide European researchers with seamless, cross-border, cross-discipline access to data, services, and computational resources under FAIR and open-science principles.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

OpenAIRE Nexus
type: Concept
definition: An OpenAIRE-led Horizon-Europe-funded initiative (2021-2024) that bundles OpenAIRE services and tools into a coherent service portfolio for delivery through the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), targeting researchers, content providers, research communities, funders, and policy makers.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

OpenAIRE EXPLORE
type: Concept
definition: The end-user-facing discovery service of OpenAIRE that allows researchers, funders, and the public to search and browse the OpenAIRE Graph by publications, datasets, software, projects, organisations, and funders.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

OpenAIRE Graph
type: Concept
definition: An open scholarly knowledge graph maintained by OpenAIRE that aggregates and links publications, datasets, software, projects, organisations, and people harvested from thousands of repositories, journals, and CRIS systems across Europe and globally, with deduplication, enrichment, and link inference applied.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DSpace-CRIS
type: Concept
definition: An open-source extension of the DSpace repository platform, developed by 4Science and the DSpace community, that adds CRIS-style entity management for researchers, projects, organisational units, journals, and other research-information entities alongside the existing repository content.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

VIVO
type: Concept
definition: An open-source semantic-web application and ontology developed by the VIVO community (initially at Cornell University, now under DuraSpace/LYRASIS) that publishes information about researchers, departments, publications, grants, and courses as linked open data and as a navigable web interface.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Elements (Symplectic)
type: Concept
definition: A commercial CRIS product developed by Symplectic (part of Digital Science) that automates the discovery, capture, and management of research outputs and activities for individual researchers and institutional reporting workflows, with strong emphasis on researcher-facing workflows.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pure
type: Concept
definition: A commercial CRIS product, originally developed by Atira A/S in Denmark and now owned by Elsevier, used by universities and research organisations to manage publications, projects, people, organisational units, awards, equipment, and external engagement, and to expose this information through a configurable public 'research portal'.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CERIF
type: Concept
definition: Common European Research Information Format: an EU-recommended data model and exchange schema for research information, developed and maintained by euroCRIS, that defines core entities (Person, Project, Publication, OrgUnit, Funding, Equipment) and the relationships among them with explicit role-and-time semantics.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

RIM
type: Concept
definition: Research Information Management: the organisational practice and the supporting systems and processes by which a university or research organisation collects, manages, and uses information about its research activities, encompassing both the technical CRIS layer and the people and policies around it.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

CRIS
type: Concept
definition: Current Research Information System: an enterprise-class software system that aggregates, stores, and publishes information about a research organisation's activities — its researchers, publications, projects, funding, equipment, collaborations, and outputs — and exposes that information to internal management and external reporting consumers.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-info-systems
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Identifier crosswalk
type: Concept
definition: A mapping or correspondence table between identifiers in different schemes that refer to the same real-world entity, allowing a system holding one scheme's identifier to find the equivalent identifier in another scheme.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DOI tombstone
type: Concept
definition: A tombstone page served at the resolved URL of a DOI after the underlying resource has been withdrawn, providing withdrawal information and metadata while ensuring the DOI itself continues to resolve.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DOI suffix
type: Concept
definition: The portion of a DOI after the first forward slash, assigned by the registrant within their issued DOI prefix, identifying the specific object; can contain any Unicode characters with the case-insensitivity rule applied during comparison.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DOI prefix
type: Concept
definition: The leading portion of a DOI before the first forward slash, of the form 10.NNNN where 10 is the directory indicator for DOI under the Handle System and NNNN is a numeric (or alphanumeric) string assigned by the DOI Registration Agency to a specific registrant.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Tombstone page
type: Concept
definition: A landing page served at a persistent identifier's resolved URL after the underlying resource has been withdrawn, retracted, or made permanently unavailable, providing metadata describing the former resource, the reason for its absence, and (where applicable) a successor identifier.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Identifier syntax
type: Concept
definition: The formal grammar that constrains the textual form of identifiers in a given scheme — what character sets, lengths, prefixes, separators, and check digits are allowed — typically expressed as a regular expression or BNF grammar in the scheme's specification.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Identifier scheme
type: Concept
definition: A named, formally-defined system for constructing, issuing, and resolving identifiers, typically defined by a syntax, an authority structure (who can mint), a metadata schema, and a resolution policy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PID resolution
type: Concept
definition: The process by which a persistent identifier is looked up through its scheme's resolution infrastructure and returned either as an HTTP redirect to the current resource location or as metadata about the resource, depending on the request and the scheme's policy.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PID minting
type: Concept
definition: The act of generating a new persistent identifier in a registered scheme and registering it, with associated metadata, at the appropriate PID provider so that it becomes resolvable and discoverable.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PID metadata
type: Concept
definition: The descriptive metadata registered with a PID provider at the time of identifier minting, and updated thereafter, that describes the identified entity — its title, creators, dates, types, related identifiers, and so on — and that is exposed by the provider's APIs alongside the identifier itself.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Funder ID
type: Concept
definition: An identifier from the Crossref Funder Registry (formerly FundRef), a curated, open registry of funder names and identifiers used by publishers to tag deposited works with the funders that supported them.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Curated org record (ROR)
type: Concept
definition: An entry in the ROR registry that has been reviewed and approved by ROR curators against the published inclusion criteria, carrying a stable ROR ID and metadata including names, types, country, geographic location, parent/child/related/successor/predecessor relationships, and crosswalks.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ROR Curation
type: Concept
definition: The community-driven process by which the Research Organization Registry receives, reviews, and acts on requests to add new organisations, update existing records, merge duplicates, or split records, governed by a published curation policy and managed by ROR's curation team.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PID graph
type: Concept
definition: A graph data structure in which persistent identifiers (ORCID iDs, DOIs, ROR IDs, RAiDs, IGSNs, etc.) are nodes and the metadata relationships among them (creator-of, affiliated-with, funded-by, derived-from) are edges, allowing federated queries across multiple PID-provider registries.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PID consortium
type: Concept
definition: A grouping of PID-provider member organisations, typically at national or regional scale, formed to share infrastructure, contracts, and support around one or more persistent identifier schemes such as DOI, ORCID, or ROR.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PID provider
type: Concept
definition: An organisation that issues persistent identifiers from one or more PID schemes, operates (or contracts) the resolution infrastructure for those identifiers, and makes long-term commitments about the maintenance of the identifiers and their metadata.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Resolution service
type: Concept
definition: A networked service that, given a persistent identifier, returns the current location of the named resource (typically by HTTP redirect) or returns its metadata, allowing the identifier itself to remain stable while the resource's location changes.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Persistent URL
type: Concept
definition: An HTTP(S) URL that an issuing organisation commits to maintain unchanged over time so that links continue to resolve correctly even as the underlying resource is moved, renamed, or migrated between systems.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

w3id.org PURL
type: Concept
definition: A persistent URL hosted on the w3id.org domain by the W3C Permanent Identifier Community Group, providing a community-maintained redirect under https://w3id.org/<namespace> to ontologies, vocabularies, and standards documents that may move between hosting providers over time.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PURL
type: Concept
definition: Persistent Uniform Resource Locator, a URL maintained by a PURL service that redirects (typically via HTTP 302) to the current location of the named resource, allowing the persistent URL to remain stable as the underlying resource location changes.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

URN
type: Concept
definition: Uniform Resource Name (RFC 8141), a URI of the form urn:NID:NSS where NID is a registered Namespace Identifier and NSS is the namespace-specific string, intended to denote a resource persistently and independently of any particular resolution mechanism.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Handle
type: Concept
definition: An identifier in the CNRI Handle System (RFC 3650-3652), of the form Prefix/Suffix (e.g. 20.500.12345/abcd), resolved by a distributed system of Handle servers that map the identifier to one or more current URLs or other typed data values.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ARK inflection rules
type: Concept
definition: A convention of the ARK identifier scheme whereby appending a single '?' to an ARK URL yields the object's descriptive metadata and appending '??' yields a 'commitment statement' describing the issuing institution's persistence policy for that ARK.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ARK
type: Concept
definition: Archival Resource Key, a persistent identifier scheme for information objects of any type, in the form ark:/NAAN/Name[Qualifier], where NAAN is a Name Assigning Authority Number and Name is the local identifier; resolvable through any cooperating ARK resolver.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

UUID
type: Concept
definition: Universally Unique Identifier (RFC 4122 / ISO/IEC 9834-8), a 128-bit value rendered as 32 hexadecimal digits in 8-4-4-4-12 grouping, generated such that the probability of collision across independent generators is negligible.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

GUID
type: Concept
definition: Globally Unique Identifier, a generic term for an identifier that is intended to be unique across all systems and time, most commonly implemented as a 128-bit UUID but used informally for any opaque, globally scoped identifier.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

PIDINST
type: Concept
definition: A persistent identifier for a research instrument, minted under a DataCite DOI or Handle, conforming to the PIDINST metadata schema developed by an RDA Working Group, that enables citation of and provenance back to the instrument that produced data.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

IGSN
type: Concept
definition: International Geo Sample Number, a globally unique persistent identifier for physical samples (geological, environmental, biological) that supports tracking and citation of the sample through subsequent analyses, publications, and derived data.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

RAiD
type: Concept
definition: Research Activity Identifier, an ISO-standardised persistent identifier (ISO 23527) for a research project or activity, providing a stable handle around which related people, organisations, outputs, instruments, and funding can be linked over the activity's lifetime.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DataCite consortium
type: Concept
definition: A national or regional grouping of DataCite member organisations led by a 'Consortium Lead' that holds the master agreement with DataCite, allowing member institutions to mint DOIs under a shared fee structure and shared support model.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DataCite DOI
type: Concept
definition: A DOI registered through DataCite, the DOI Registration Agency that serves research data, software, samples, dissertations, instruments, and other non-article research outputs, accompanied by metadata in the DataCite Metadata Schema.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Crossref DOI
type: Concept
definition: A DOI registered through Crossref, the DOI Registration Agency for scholarly publications (journals, books, conference proceedings, preprints, peer reviews, grants), accompanied by metadata deposited in Crossref's XML schema.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

DOI
type: Concept
definition: Digital Object Identifier (ISO 26324), a persistent identifier for an entity (typically a research output) consisting of a prefix assigned to a registrant by a DOI Registration Agency and a suffix assigned by the registrant, resolvable as an HTTPS URI under https://doi.org/.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ISNI
type: Concept
definition: International Standard Name Identifier (ISO 27729), a 16-digit identifier for the public identity of a person or organisation involved in the creation, production, management, or distribution of content, administered by the ISNI International Agency.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

GRID
type: Concept
definition: Global Research Identifier Database, a legacy identifier and registry of research organisations originally operated by Digital Science, frozen to new records in 2021 and superseded by ROR, which seeded its registry from a deduplicated GRID snapshot.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ROR ID
type: Concept
definition: A persistent identifier for research organisations issued by the Research Organization Registry (ROR), expressed as an HTTPS URI of the form https://ror.org/0xxxxxxxx where the final nine-character path component is a base32-encoded random value with a check digit.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORCID education
type: Concept
definition: An affiliation item in an ORCID record asserting that the iD holder studied at a named organisation, including degree or qualification, department, start and end dates, and the organisation's disambiguated identifier.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORCID employment
type: Concept
definition: An affiliation item in an ORCID record asserting that the iD holder is or was employed by a named organisation, with start date, optional end date, department, role title, and the organisation's disambiguated identifier (typically a ROR ID).
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORCID work assertion
type: Concept
definition: A claim, recorded in an ORCID record, that a particular research output (journal article, book chapter, dataset, software, etc.) is associated with the iD holder, with metadata fields including title, type, publication year, external identifiers (DOI, ISBN, PMID), and contributor role.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORCID record permissions
type: Concept
definition: The three-level visibility setting attached to each item in an ORCID record — public, trusted parties only (limited), or private — which the record holder applies individually to names, employments, works, fundings, and other assertions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORCID consortium
type: Concept
definition: A national or regional grouping of ORCID member organisations that share a single membership fee structure and a lead organisation, in order to coordinate ORCID adoption, training, and policy advocacy within a country or region.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORCID API
type: Concept
definition: The two-tier REST application programming interface (Public API and Member API) operated by ORCID that allows systems to read public ORCID record data and, with researcher authorisation, to read restricted data or write trusted-party assertions to records.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORCID record
type: Concept
definition: The structured profile maintained at orcid.org for an individual ORCID iD, containing assertions about the person's names, employments, educations, funding, works, peer reviews, and service activities, each with a visibility setting and a source attribution.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

ORCID iD
type: Concept
definition: A 16-digit persistent identifier, expressed as four hyphen-separated blocks (e.g. 0000-0002-1825-0097) and resolvable as an HTTPS URI under https://orcid.org/, that uniquely identifies an individual researcher across publications, datasets, grants, employments, and peer-review activity.
type: dictionary_term
domain: persistent-identifiers
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Container image (as output)
type: Concept
definition: A reproducibility-supporting container image (Docker, Singularity/Apptainer, OCI) packaging a complete computational environment — operating system, dependencies, software, configuration — deposited in a container registry with a persistent identifier and treated as a citable research output.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Workflow (as output)
type: Concept
definition: A computational workflow — a structured description of a multi-step analysis pipeline, expressed in a workflow language (Nextflow, Snakemake, CWL, WDL) or platform-specific format, with dependencies, parameters, and provenance — deposited in a repository with a persistent identifier as a citable research output.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model (as output)
type: Concept
definition: A trained machine-learning model — including its weights, architecture, training metadata, and accompanying model card — deposited in a model repository (Hugging Face, Zenodo) with a persistent identifier, treated as a citable scholarly output independent of any paper that may describe it.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Dataset (as output)
type: Concept
definition: A research dataset deposited in a FAIR-aligned repository with a persistent identifier (typically a DataCite DOI), metadata, licence, and access conditions, treated as a citable scholarly output in its own right rather than only as supporting material for a paper.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Translation (work)
type: Concept
definition: A scholarly publication that renders a previously-published work from one natural language into another, with the translator(s) credited and the original work referenced, treated as a distinct research output for purposes of credit, citation, and intellectual contribution.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

White paper
type: Concept
definition: An authoritative document — published by a government, industry, or research organisation — that provides analysis and recommendations on a specific issue, typically intended to inform policy, position the issuing body, or guide implementation, with a more formal and longer treatment than a policy brief.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Technical report
type: Concept
definition: A scholarly document published by a research-performing organisation (laboratory, government agency, company) reporting technical work in detail, typically not peer-reviewed in the journal sense but vetted internally, and bearing an institutional report number for citation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Policy brief
type: Concept
definition: A short document — typically 2-8 pages — synthesising research evidence for a policy-maker audience, with explicit policy implications or recommendations, structured for accessibility rather than for academic readers, and issued by research institutions, NGOs, or government-aligned bodies.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Discussion paper
type: Concept
definition: A scholarly document — published by institutions, learned societies, think-tanks, or government bodies — that presents an argued perspective, policy proposal, or position for community deliberation, sometimes formally inviting structured response.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Working paper
type: Concept
definition: A scholarly document circulated through institutional working-paper series (e.g., NBER, IZA, CEPR), academic websites, or repositories, presenting research in progress for community feedback prior to (or sometimes instead of) formal peer review and journal publication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Conference abstract
type: Concept
definition: A short summary of research findings or planned work submitted to a conference for selection of oral or poster presentation, published in a conference abstract book or supplement, citable as a publication but typically lacking full peer review of the underlying research.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Conference proceeding
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed scholarly publication appearing in the published proceedings of a conference, workshop, or symposium, typically representing original research presented at the meeting, with a citation that includes the conference name, date, and proceedings location.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Null result publication
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed publication reporting that a study's primary analysis returned results statistically consistent with no effect (or, in equivalence/non-inferiority designs, consistent with no clinically meaningful difference), explicitly framed and interpreted as informative about the absence of effect.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Negative result paper
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed publication whose primary finding is that a tested hypothesis was not supported, an intervention did not produce the predicted effect, or an expected relationship was not observed, framed as a contribution to evidence rather than as a failure.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Lab notebook (electronic)
type: Concept
definition: A digital record of laboratory experiments, observations, protocols, and analyses maintained in an electronic lab notebook (ELN) system, providing tamper-evident timestamping, attribution, and increasingly serving as a citable research output via DOI assignment of selected entries.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Living systematic review
type: Concept
definition: A systematic review that is continuously updated — typically by re-running the registered search, screening newly-identified studies, and incorporating eligible ones into the synthesis — with explicit triggers for major versus minor updates and a publicly maintained version history.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Living review
type: Concept
definition: A review article — systematic or otherwise — that is continuously or periodically updated as new evidence emerges, maintained as a single citable resource with version history rather than being supplanted by a fresh standalone review on each update.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Narrative review
type: Concept
definition: A literature review that synthesises existing scholarship on a topic through expert judgement and discursive argument, without using the pre-specified protocols, reproducible search strategies, or quality-appraisal frameworks that characterise systematic and scoping reviews.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Meta-analysis
type: Concept
definition: A quantitative synthesis of effect estimates from multiple studies on a common question, using statistical methods (typically random-effects models) to compute a pooled estimate with confidence interval and heterogeneity diagnostics.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Scoping review
type: Concept
definition: A literature review that maps the breadth and nature of evidence on a broad topic — characterising what exists, where, and in what form — using systematic search methods but without typically appraising study quality or synthesising effect estimates, following PRISMA-ScR.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Systematic review
type: Concept
definition: A literature review that follows a pre-specified, registered protocol to systematically identify, appraise, and synthesise all evidence relevant to a focused research question, using reproducible methods for searching, screening, data extraction, and quality assessment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Case report
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed publication describing in detail one or a small number of individual cases — typically clinical, sometimes legal or social — for educational, hypothesis-generating, or rare-presentation-documenting purposes, structured according to discipline-specific reporting standards (e.g., CARE guidelines for clinical cases).
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Brief report
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed publication format for compact original research findings, particularly in clinical and applied fields, with tight word and figure limits, used for results that warrant rapid or focused communication of a single result or small study.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Short communication
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed publication format for compact original research findings, typically with word limits below those of full original articles (2,000-3,000 words) but greater than letters or research letters, used for results meriting publication but not requiring full-article treatment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research letter
type: Concept
definition: A short peer-reviewed publication presenting original research findings in a compressed format (typically under 1,000 words, limited tables/figures, abbreviated methods), used by journals for results that warrant rapid or concise communication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Letter to editor
type: Concept
definition: A short scholarly communication submitted to a journal in response to a previously-published article in that journal, raising questions, corrections, alternative interpretations, or additional evidence, typically published with a reply from the original authors.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Commentary
type: Concept
definition: A short scholarly publication that responds to, contextualises, or critiques other recently-published work or a current development in the field, presenting an argued perspective rather than original empirical findings.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Methods paper
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed publication whose primary subject is a research methodology — a new analytic technique, experimental procedure, instrumentation approach, or computational method — described in sufficient detail for independent reuse, sometimes with worked examples.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Protocol paper
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed publication that fully describes the methodology of a planned or ongoing research study (clinical trial, systematic review, cohort study, laboratory protocol) prior to or alongside execution, sufficient to enable replication and to fix the methods against post-hoc revision.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Software paper
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed scholarly publication whose primary subject is a research software package — describing its functionality, architecture, dependencies, testing, and intended uses — published in a venue that issues this format (JOSS, SoftwareX), accompanying the software release in a citable repository.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data paper
type: Concept
definition: A peer-reviewed scholarly publication whose primary subject is a dataset — describing its collection, structure, processing, quality, and intended uses — published in a journal that specifically issues this format, accompanying the dataset itself in a FAIR-aligned repository.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Replication study
type: Concept
definition: A study whose primary purpose is to re-test a specific claim from a previously-published study, using methods and analyses designed to closely match the original (direct replication) or to test the same hypothesis with deliberately different operationalisations (conceptual replication).
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Stage-2 results paper
type: Concept
definition: The completed registered report submitted after data collection, containing the results, discussion, and any exploratory (clearly labelled) analyses beyond the pre-registered plan, peer-reviewed only for adherence to the Stage 1 protocol and quality of conclusions — not for the direction of findings.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Stage-1 protocol
type: Concept
definition: The introduction, methods, and analysis plan submitted as the first of two stages of a registered report, peer-reviewed for theoretical motivation, design adequacy, and analytic appropriateness, and (if accepted) granted in-principle acceptance for publication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Registered report
type: Concept
definition: A publication format in which a study's introduction, methods, and analysis plan are peer-reviewed and granted in-principle acceptance (IPA) before data collection or analysis, with the completed paper published regardless of the direction of the results provided the pre-registered methods were followed.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Version of record (VoR)
type: Concept
definition: The final, formally published version of a scholarly work as issued by the publisher — including typesetting, pagination, copy-editing, and an assigned bibliographic citation — which is the canonical citable form of the work absent subsequent corrections.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Postprint
type: Concept
definition: The author-accepted version of a manuscript after peer review and editorial decision of acceptance but before publisher typesetting and final layout — synonymous with 'author-accepted manuscript' (AAM) in many usage contexts.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Preprint
type: Concept
definition: A scholarly manuscript posted to a public preprint server prior to formal peer review and journal publication, made openly accessible, citable via a persistent identifier (typically a DOI), and bearing a clearly identified version state.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mentoring agreement
type: Concept
definition: A documented (often written) understanding between mentor and mentee setting out the goals, frequency of meetings, mode of communication, scope of mentoring, expectations on both parties, confidentiality boundaries, and review schedule for the relationship.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sponsorship relationship
type: Concept
definition: A career-development relationship in which a senior researcher (sponsor) uses their social and political capital actively on behalf of a more junior researcher's career advancement — through nomination, recommendation, public advocacy, or introductions — going beyond the advisory dyad of mentorship.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Two-page narrative
type: Concept
definition: A common page-limited narrative-CV format in which a researcher describes their contributions to research, people, and the wider community within a strict two-page limit, used in UKRI R4RI and several European national funder applications.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Diversity statement
type: Concept
definition: A document — typically 1-2 pages — in which a researcher articulates their contributions to and plans for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in research and teaching, increasingly required in US faculty job applications and some research-funding contexts.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Teaching statement
type: Concept
definition: A document — typically 1-3 pages — in which a researcher articulates their philosophy of teaching, summary of teaching experience and approach, and evidence of teaching effectiveness, used in academic job applications and tenure cases.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research statement
type: Concept
definition: A document — typically 2-5 pages — in which a researcher describes their research programme: past contributions, current projects, and planned trajectory, written for academic job applications, fellowship applications, or research-evaluation exercises.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Personal statement
type: Concept
definition: A short narrative section in a researcher's CV, biosketch, or grant application in which the researcher articulates in their own voice why they are qualified to undertake the proposed work, their career trajectory, and any contextual factors relevant to the assessment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Biosketch
type: Concept
definition: A short, structured biographical document used in US federal research grant applications (most notably NIH and NSF) summarising a researcher's qualifications, positions, contributions, and a curated subset of their outputs, in a tightly page-limited format.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Narrative CV
type: Concept
definition: A researcher curriculum vitae format that uses prose narrative descriptions of contributions, career trajectory, and impact in place of (or alongside) traditional structured lists of publications, grants, and metrics, intended to give context to outputs and recognise broader research contributions.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Resume for Researchers (R4RI)
type: Concept
definition: A structured narrative-CV format developed by the Royal Society (UK) which asks researchers to describe their contributions under four headings: contributions to knowledge generation; contributions to development of individuals; contributions to the wider research community; and contributions to broader society.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Career interruption
type: Concept
definition: A near-synonym of career break used by some funders (notably the Royal Society and ERC) to denote a period of reduced or absent research activity due to defined personal circumstances; sometimes also used to include reduced-fraction working (less than full-time) rather than complete absence.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Career break
type: Concept
definition: A documented absence from active research work of at least three months' duration arising from parental leave, caring responsibilities, illness, disability, military service, or other personal circumstances, recognised by funders as extending early-career-researcher eligibility windows pro-rata.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Supervisor (doctoral)
type: Concept
definition: The academic appointed by an institution to guide a doctoral candidate's research, with formal responsibility for the academic quality of supervision, progress monitoring, ethical conduct of the research, and recommendation for examination, in accordance with the institution's doctoral regulations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sponsor (career)
type: Concept
definition: A senior researcher or leader who actively advocates for a more junior researcher's career advancement — nominating them for opportunities, opening doors, vouching for them in evaluations — distinct from a mentor (who advises) by the action of using social and political capital on the mentee's behalf.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mentee
type: Concept
definition: A researcher (typically more junior) who receives career, intellectual, or professional guidance from a mentor in a defined or recognised mentoring relationship, distinct from a supervisee in that the relationship lacks formal evaluative authority.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mentor
type: Concept
definition: An experienced researcher who provides career, intellectual, or professional guidance to a less experienced researcher (the mentee), distinct from a formal supervisor in that the mentoring relationship is typically chosen rather than assigned, may cross institutional lines, and does not carry formal evaluative authority.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Co-investigator
type: Concept
definition: A named investigator on a research grant, contract, or protocol other than the lead PI, who contributes substantive scientific expertise and shares responsibility for portions of the work, typically with a defined role in the proposal and a named budget allocation.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Principal investigator (PI)
type: Concept
definition: The named individual on a research grant, contract, or protocol who is formally accountable for the scientific direction, ethical conduct, financial stewardship, and reporting of the research, typically holding a continuing academic or research-leader position at the host institution.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research associate
type: Concept
definition: A staff researcher (often post-doctoral, sometimes post-master's) employed in a role with substantive scientific contribution and a degree of intellectual independence, typically more senior than a research assistant but not yet an independent principal investigator.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research assistant
type: Concept
definition: A staff member employed to provide research support — data collection, literature search, analysis, administration — to a research project under the direction of a more senior researcher, typically without independent design authority over the project.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Master’s-level researcher
type: Concept
definition: A researcher whose highest qualification is a master's degree (MSc, MA, MRes, MPhil, etc.) engaged in research work in a role appropriate to that qualification, distinct from doctoral candidates and from those with bachelor's-only qualifications.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pre-doctoral researcher
type: Concept
definition: A researcher engaged in research work prior to commencing a doctoral programme, typically in roles such as research assistant, lab technician, or research associate at the master's-equivalent level, where the position involves substantive research rather than only support tasks.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Doctoral candidate
type: Concept
definition: A student enrolled in a doctoral degree programme (PhD, DPhil, EdD, EngD, MD, etc.) who is undertaking original research toward a thesis or equivalent capstone, under the supervision of one or more academic supervisors.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Post-doctoral researcher
type: Concept
definition: A researcher who has been awarded a doctoral degree and is engaged in a temporary, fixed-term position primarily devoted to research, typically under the supervision of a principal investigator, with the intention of further developing as an independent researcher.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Senior researcher
type: Concept
definition: A researcher at an advanced career stage (typically 15+ years post-PhD) with a sustained record of independent research leadership, mentoring of multiple researchers to independence, substantial competitive funding history, and recognised disciplinary contribution.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mid-career researcher
type: Concept
definition: A researcher beyond the early-career window but not yet at senior leadership status — typically 8-20 years post-PhD with an established independent research programme, lab or group, and a track record of competitive funding and mentoring.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Early-career researcher (ECR)
type: Concept
definition: A researcher within a defined number of years (typically 5-8) of their first doctoral degree, or — for researchers without a doctorate — within an equivalent period of full-time research practice, accounting for career breaks and part-time work.
type: dictionary_term
domain: mentorship-career-stages
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Co-corresponding author convention
type: Concept
definition: The practice of designating two or more authors as jointly corresponding on a published work, each taking responsibility for post-publication communication, editorial liaison, and queries about the work, with all co-corresponding authors typically marked by a symbol in the byline.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reviewer role typology
type: Concept
definition: A controlled vocabulary for distinguishing types of peer-review activity — e.g., manuscript peer reviewer, grant reviewer, conference programme committee member, data peer reviewer, software peer reviewer, reproducibility reviewer — used to give differentiated credit for review work.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

“Degree of contribution” qualifier (lead/equal/supporting)
type: Concept
definition: The optional CRediT modifier that may be applied to any of the 14 CRediT roles to indicate the relative magnitude of a contributor's input: 'lead' (primary responsibility), 'equal' (co-equal with one or more others), or 'supporting' (contributed but did not lead).
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Conceptualization lead vs supporting
type: Concept
definition: Under the CRediT taxonomy, the distinction between the contributor who led the formulation of the overarching research question, aims, or ideas for a project (Conceptualization: lead) and those who contributed to but did not originate the conceptual framing (Conceptualization: supporting).
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Funding-acquisition lead vs supporting
type: Concept
definition: Under the CRediT taxonomy, the distinction between the contributor who led the funding acquisition for a research project (typically the named principal investigator on the grant) and contributors who supported but did not lead the proposal (co-investigators, named collaborators).
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Methodology consultant
type: Concept
definition: A specialist who provides substantive advice on research methodology — study design, sampling, instrument selection, analytic strategy, or implementation approach — to a research project on which they are not a primary investigator.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data validator
type: Concept
definition: A contributor whose role is to check the integrity, accuracy, completeness, and conformance to schema of a dataset before its use, deposit, or publication — including range checks, plausibility tests, cross-source comparison, and metadata verification.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reproducibility reviewer
type: Concept
definition: A reviewer whose specific role is to verify that the computational, analytic, or experimental procedures reported in a manuscript can be re-executed by another party using the provided code, data, and instructions, distinct from a content peer reviewer.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Domain expert advisor
type: Concept
definition: A subject-matter expert (clinical, technical, policy, lived-experience) who advises a research project on questions within their expertise — typically through formal advisory boards, steering committees, or focused consultations — distinct from co-authorship or formal investigator roles.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Indigenous-knowledge holder contribution
type: Concept
definition: Substantive contribution to research from Indigenous knowledge keepers, elders, or community members who hold and share traditional knowledge, ecological observations, language, or cultural expertise relevant to the research, in accordance with CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Citizen-scientist contribution
type: Concept
definition: Substantive contribution to research by members of the public participating as volunteers in data collection, classification, observation, analysis, or interpretation, distinct from being a study subject and distinct from professional research staff.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Patient-partner contribution (PPI)
type: Concept
definition: Substantive input from patients, service users, carers, or members of the public into the design, conduct, analysis, or dissemination of health and care research — as partners in the research process rather than as study participants.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Lab leadership (supervision extension)
type: Concept
definition: Substantive oversight of a research team or laboratory by a principal investigator or group leader, including scientific direction, resource allocation, mentoring, and accountability for research conduct, recognised under CRediT 'Supervision' and increasingly through narrative-CV team-leadership categories.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Equipment provision (resources extension)
type: Concept
definition: The provision of specialised equipment, reagents, materials, animals, samples, or computational infrastructure that materially enabled a research output, captured under CRediT 'Resources' or in acknowledgements when the contribution does not include intellectual input on the work itself.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open-software contribution
type: Concept
definition: The development, documentation, packaging, testing, or maintenance of research software released under an open-source licence, including authoring new code, contributing to existing projects, releasing reusable libraries, or operating long-term maintenance.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open-data contribution
type: Concept
definition: The substantive work of preparing, documenting, depositing, and maintaining a research dataset in a FAIR-aligned open repository under a permissive licence, distinct from the original data collection.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Medical writer contribution
type: Concept
definition: Professional writing assistance to drafting a biomedical manuscript by a person whose primary role is writing rather than research — including drafting, restructuring, language polishing, and preparing submission — disclosed transparently per Good Publication Practice (GPP) guidelines.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Statistical consultancy
type: Concept
definition: Substantive statistical advice or analysis provided by a statistician to a research project — including study design, sample-size calculation, analytic plan, model selection, code, or interpretation — that materially shapes the research's quantitative findings.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Translator contribution
type: Concept
definition: The intellectual work of converting a scholarly work from one natural language to another while preserving meaning, register, and technical accuracy, including the translator's own scholarly judgement on terminology, idiom, and disciplinary convention.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mentorship contribution
type: Concept
definition: Career, intellectual, or methodological guidance provided to a researcher (typically more junior) that shapes the conduct or development of their research, distinct from formal supervision (which has institutional authority) and from co-authorship (which requires direct work on the output).
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pre-submission feedback contribution
type: Concept
definition: Substantive intellectual input — comments, critique, suggested revisions, or methodological advice — provided by a colleague on a draft manuscript or proposal before it is submitted to a journal or funder, recognised in acknowledgements rather than as authorship.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Editorial contribution
type: Concept
definition: Intellectual work performed in the role of editor for a scholarly venue — including soliciting submissions, selecting reviewers, synthesising review feedback, making accept/reject/revise decisions, and shaping the venue's scope and standards.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Peer reviewer contribution
type: Concept
definition: The intellectual labour of evaluating a scholarly submission's validity, originality, significance, and clarity for a journal, funder, or conference, distinct from authorship and from editorial decision-making.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Technical staff contribution
type: Concept
definition: Substantive technical work — laboratory technique, instrument operation, data acquisition, sample preparation, software engineering, or facility operation — performed by research-support staff (technicians, engineers, lab managers) that materially enables a research output.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Non-author contributor
type: Concept
definition: An individual who made a meaningful contribution to a research output but is not listed in the author byline, typically because the contribution is partial (does not meet all authorship criteria) or because they declined authorship.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Acknowledged contributor
type: Concept
definition: An individual whose contribution to a research output is recognised in the acknowledgements section rather than by authorship, typically because their contribution does not meet all four ICMJE authorship criteria but is substantive enough to warrant named credit.
type: dictionary_term
domain: credit-extensions
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Model versioning
type: Concept
definition: The practice of identifying a specific revision of an AI model by name, version number, release date, or content hash, sufficient to uniquely distinguish it from earlier or later revisions that may behave differently on the same input.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Inference
type: Concept
definition: The process of generating outputs from a trained AI model in response to inputs at runtime, distinct from training (which updates model parameters); for LLMs, inference is the production of completions from prompts.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Fine-tuning
type: Concept
definition: The process of further training a pre-trained foundation model on a smaller, task-specific or domain-specific dataset, updating some or all parameters, to specialise its behaviour while retaining general capability.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)
type: Concept
definition: An AI architecture in which an LLM is augmented at inference time with documents retrieved from an external corpus (often via vector similarity search), so that the model's outputs are grounded in retrieved evidence rather than relying solely on parametric knowledge.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI in literature search
type: Concept
definition: The use of AI-powered tools (Elicit, Consensus, Scite, Undermind, Semantic Scholar's AI features) to discover, screen, summarise, or synthesise scholarly literature, distinguished from traditional keyword search by the use of embeddings, LLM summarisation, or generative answering over a literature corpus.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI in qualitative coding
type: Concept
definition: The use of LLMs or other AI tools to assign codes, themes, or categories to qualitative data (interview transcripts, open-ended survey responses, field notes), either as the sole coder, a second coder for reliability, or a first-pass triage to be human-reviewed.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI image generation
type: Concept
definition: The use of a generative model (diffusion models, GANs, autoregressive image models) to produce images from text prompts, image prompts, or other conditioning inputs, distinct from AI-assisted image editing of an existing real image.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI summarisation
type: Concept
definition: The use of an AI system to produce a shorter version of a text that preserves its key information, including abstracts, lay summaries, executive summaries, and literature digests, whether extractive (sentence selection) or abstractive (paraphrasing).
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI translation
type: Concept
definition: The use of an AI system (rule-based, statistical, or neural) to convert text from one natural language to another, including specifically the use of LLMs and dedicated neural machine translation systems for translating scholarly works or portions thereof.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI in editorial decisions
type: Concept
definition: The use of AI tools by journal editors to triage, screen, or make decisions on submitted manuscripts, including desk-rejection screening, reviewer matching, plagiarism flagging, or assessment of fit — distinguished by whether the AI advises a human editor or substitutes for one.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI in peer review
type: Concept
definition: The use of generative AI tools by peer reviewers to assist in evaluating manuscripts — including summarisation, language editing of the review, or generation of review text — which is restricted or prohibited by many publishers due to confidentiality and originality concerns.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Generative-AI disclosure statement
type: Concept
definition: A dedicated section in a manuscript — typically headed 'Use of Generative AI' or similar — that consolidates all disclosures of AI tool use across the work, including tools used, versions, sections affected, and the human authors' verification process.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI co-authorship rejection (ICMJE 2023)
type: Concept
definition: The 2023 update to ICMJE's Recommendations stating explicitly that chatbots and generative AI systems cannot be listed as authors because they cannot satisfy any of the four ICMJE authorship criteria, in particular the requirement to be accountable for the work and to approve the version to be published.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Author responsibility (for AI use)
type: Concept
definition: The principle that human authors retain full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, originality, ethical sourcing, and lack of plagiarism of all content in a scholarly work, regardless of which portions were drafted, suggested, or generated by an AI tool.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Acknowledgement (vs authorship for AI)
type: Concept
definition: The convention, codified by ICMJE and COPE (2023), that AI tool use must be disclosed in the methods or acknowledgements section of a scholarly work rather than via the author byline or CRediT contributor list, because AI cannot satisfy authorship's accountability requirements.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Training data provenance
type: Concept
definition: Documentation of the sources, collection methods, licensing, consent basis, time range, and processing steps applied to the data used to train an AI model, sufficient to assess fitness-for-purpose, legal compliance, and potential bias.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data leakage (training)
type: Concept
definition: The contamination of an AI model's training corpus with data that should have remained held-out — including evaluation benchmarks, test sets, or proprietary content — such that the model's apparent performance overstates its true generalisation ability or it can reproduce content it should not have seen.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI fairness
type: Concept
definition: A property of an AI system whereby its outputs satisfy a defined criterion of equitable treatment across specified groups — common criteria include demographic parity, equalised odds, equal opportunity, and calibration parity — recognising that these criteria are often mutually incompatible.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI bias
type: Concept
definition: Systematic skew in an AI system's outputs that produces unjustified differential treatment, accuracy, or representation across groups, tasks, or contexts, arising from training-data composition, model architecture, objective function, or deployment context.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Detection tool (AI-generated)
type: Concept
definition: A software system that estimates the probability that a given piece of content (text, image) was produced by a generative AI system, typically by analysing statistical features of the output without access to provenance metadata.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI provenance
type: Concept
definition: The chain of evidence — metadata, cryptographic signatures, watermarks, or attestations — that documents whether a piece of content was produced or modified by an AI system, by which system, when, and under what prompt or input.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Watermarking (AI output)
type: Concept
definition: The embedding of a statistical, cryptographic, or visible signal into AI-generated content at the time of generation, allowing later identification of that content as machine-produced — distinct from post-hoc detection which infers AI origin from features of the output alone.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Synthetic image
type: Concept
definition: An image produced by a generative model (e.g., diffusion model, GAN) rather than captured from a physical scene or instrument, including images used as illustrations, in figures, or as training data.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Synthetic data
type: Concept
definition: Data generated by a model or algorithm rather than collected from real-world observations or experiments, designed to mimic the statistical structure of real data for purposes such as augmentation, privacy-preservation, or model training.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Hallucination
type: Concept
definition: An output from a generative AI system that is presented confidently and fluently but is factually incorrect, fabricated, or unsupported by the input data or any verifiable source — including invented citations, non-existent authors, false statistics, and incorrect quotations.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

System prompt
type: Concept
definition: A prompt provided to an LLM at the start of a session — typically not visible to the end user — that sets persona, constraints, output format, safety rules, and tool-use permissions for all subsequent user interactions in that session.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Prompt engineering
type: Concept
definition: The practice of designing, refining, and structuring input text given to a generative AI system in order to elicit specific desired outputs, including techniques such as role assignment, few-shot examples, chain-of-thought scaffolding, and output-format specification.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Generative AI
type: Concept
definition: Artificial intelligence systems whose primary output is novel content (text, images, audio, video, code, or structured data) produced by sampling from a learned distribution, as distinct from discriminative AI systems whose output is a classification, score, or decision over existing inputs.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Large language model (LLM)
type: Concept
definition: A neural-network model trained on large text corpora using self-supervised next-token prediction (or analogous objective), with parameter counts typically in the billions, capable of generating coherent text and performing a broad range of natural-language tasks without task-specific training.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI tool disclosure
type: Concept
definition: A statement within a scholarly work that identifies which generative AI tools were used, the version, the scope of use (e.g., language editing, code generation, figure creation), and which sections were affected, sufficient for a reader to assess the AI's role.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI as author
type: Concept
definition: The disallowed practice of listing a generative AI system (e.g., ChatGPT, Claude) in the author byline or contributor list of a scholarly work, on the rationale that AI cannot meet authorship criteria requiring accountability, agreement, and the capacity to take public responsibility.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI-generated content
type: Concept
definition: Text, images, code, or other artefacts produced substantively by a generative AI system in response to a prompt, where the AI is the proximate source of the content rather than a tool refining human-authored material.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

AI-assisted writing
type: Concept
definition: The use of a generative AI tool by a human author to draft, edit, paraphrase, summarise, or stylistically revise text where the human retains final editorial control and authorship responsibility.
type: dictionary_term
domain: genai-disclosure
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Submission fee
type: Concept
definition: Charge levied on author(s) upon submission of a manuscript to a journal, sometimes referred to as administrative or handling charges.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Subject repository
type: Concept
definition: A repository the contents of which are connected purely by their discipline, rather than by other factors such as their institutional affiliation (see Institutional Repository)
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sharing
type: Concept
definition: The extent to which a work can be discovered, accessed and reused by those other than the author(s); often defined or clarified by means of permissions, terms and conditions, or a license.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reuse license
type: Concept
definition: A set of terms and conditions that facilitates the reuse of published information.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Researcher webpage
type: Concept
definition: A webpage featuring a researcher's profile, which possibly may also provide links to their publications.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research funder
type: Concept
definition: An organisation providing financial support for research activity.
type: dictionary_term
domain: funding-finance
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Repository
type: Concept
definition: Repositories preserve, manage, and provide access to many types of digital materials in a variety of formats.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Read only
type: Concept
definition: Online content (data or information) that is capable of being displayed but not modified or deleted.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pure gold journal
type: Concept
definition: A scholarly journal that makes its articles immediately available online to the reader without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Publishing agreement
type: Concept
definition: A legal contract between publisher and author(s) to publish written material by the author(s). This may involve a single written work, or a series of works.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Publish
type: Concept
definition: A broad process or system that involves, at minimum, scholarship and writing, certification (most commonly via peer review), registration (commonly formal publishing in a journal or some other version of record), dissemination (awareness, making accessible, distribution), and archiving.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Publication permission
type: Concept
definition: The circumstances under which copyright material may be used and where permission must be sought from the copyright holder.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Press embargo
type: Concept
definition: A request by a source that the information or news provided by that source not be published until a certain date or certain conditions have been met.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Pre-print
type: Concept
definition: Preliminary version of an article that has not undergone peer review but that may be shared for comment.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Post-print
type: Concept
definition: A manuscript draft after it has been peer reviewed.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Page charge
type: Concept
definition: One of a number of supplementary charges imposed by some journals to cover the cost of publishing, and charged in addition to article processing charges (APCs).
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open archive
type: Concept
definition: A repository that is compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) and therefore facilitates the sharing of metadata for a variety of purposes, most notably the compilation tasks performed by aggregator databases.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open access
type: Concept
definition: Making peer reviewed scholarly content freely available via the Internet.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open access mandate
type: Concept
definition: A policy requiring publication of research in an open access format.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Open access journal
type: Concept
definition: A journal that makes its articles immediately available online to the reader without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. All the articles in the journal are available open access.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Licence
type: Concept
definition: Signed agreement to exploit a piece of IP such as a process, product, data, or software.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Institutional webpage
type: Concept
definition: A webpage that is associated with the institution at which the author is employed.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Institutional repository
type: Concept
definition: An online, digital collection of research outputs (see Repository) that are connected by their affiliation with a specific institution. Institutional repositories are most commonly associated with universities and other academic organisations, and so the contents of a single institutional repository may therefore cover a range of disciplines. An institutional repository may often be managed as part of a wider suite of services supporting scholarly communication, Open Access and Open Education.
type: dictionary_term
domain: data-infrastructure
track: B
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Hybrid journal
type: Concept
definition: A subscription journal in which some of the articles are open access at point of publication. This status typically requires the payment of a specific publication fee (also called an article processing charge or APC) to the publisher.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Green open access
type: Concept
definition: A type of open access where a version of a publication is freely available via an institutional or subject repository, or other web-accessible digital archive, that is compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH).
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Gold open access
type: Concept
definition: The publisher version of a publication is immediately and permanently freely available for anyone with internet access to read or download from the publisher site at the point of publication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Free to read
type: Concept
definition: Access, use, modify and re-use the content online. The adjective “free” is commonly used in one of two meanings: “for zero price” or “with little or no restriction”. Users can potentially do two kinds of things: (1) access and use it and (2) modify and re-use it.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Fee waiver
type: Concept
definition: Full or partial waiver for article processing charges (APCs) offered by some publishers to authors based in selected developing countries or low-income economies.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Embargo
type: Concept
definition: Restriction of access to the content of a copy of a work for a defined period of time.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Document version
type: Concept
definition: During the development of a document there are usually several iterations of the work. There are periods along the authoring process that can be identified as a specific identifiable point where the work can be identified as a specific version of the work.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Deposit
type: Concept
definition: The action of uploading a digital copy of a work into a digital repository or similar service by the author(s) or their agent, together with metadata that, ideally, supports FAIR principles (Findable; Accessible; Interoperable; Re-usable).
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of start of embargo
type: Concept
definition: The date that an embargo comes into force and from whence the length of the embargo period is counted. The start date of a period during which access to a document or file or record is restricted. This could be: “date of online publication” or “publication date” or “date of online availability” or “date of deposit”. This date and the triggering event to start the embargo are defined by the copyright holder or the repository governance or the law.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of publication
type: Concept
definition: Date the work is made available to the public by a publisher.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of online publication
type: Concept
definition: The date that a work was first published on an online publishing platform. This may be before or after the publication date of the print version.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of online availability
type: Concept
definition: The date that a work was first made available online. This may be before or after the publication date.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of first open access
type: Concept
definition: The date that a work was first made publicly available on an Open Access (OA) basis. For example, this could be the date that a copy of the work was made live (discoverable) on an OA basis on a repository or may be triggered when an embargo period expires. It could also be when an work was available on a publisher web site, or elsewhere, on an OA basis.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of end of embargo
type: Concept
definition: Date after which deposited items become available to read and download on the web. The date of the last day of an embargo period.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of deposit
type: Concept
definition: Date on which a copy of a version of a work and its metadata is deposited in a repository (or equivalent). Not necessarily the same as the date that the work becomes discoverable. A period of time may elapse after deposit, but before the record is made publicly available during which the record may be checked for accuracy and compliance by repository administration staff and an embargo may be applied.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of compliant deposit
type: Concept
definition: Date on which a copy of a version of a work and its metadata is in a repository (or equivalent) and meets the requirements of a mandate, policy, piece of legislation etc.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Date of acceptance
type: Concept
definition: The day on which the publisher or evaluation institution or committee confirms formally that the article has been received from the author and no substantial changes to the content are required. Also the date on which the publisher tells the author that the article will be published and the article is ready to be processed for publication.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Copyright
type: Concept
definition: A legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Copyright transfer agreement
type: Concept
definition: A legal document containing provisions for the conveyance of full or partial copyright from the rights owner to another party.
type: dictionary_term
domain: compliance-regulatory
track: D
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Closed access
type: Concept
definition: Restricting access to Internet content via a paid subscription; is often called a paywall.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Born open access
type: Concept
definition: Commercial or non-profit publishers established for the sole purpose of publishing Open Access (OA) journals. They normally make use of the Creative Commons Attribution License for their publications. Authors usually retain their copyrights and users are needed to acknowledge and cite the authors in future references.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Author accepted manuscript
type: Concept
definition: The author's final, peer reviewed and corrected manuscript, usually created in Word or LaTeX.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-outputs
track: A
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Article publication charge
type: Concept
definition: Charge levied by a publisher to an author (or their funder or institution) to publish an article. Such charges may include but are not limited to: APCs; page charges; publishing charges or fees; submission charges; colour charges.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Article processing charge
type: Concept
definition: Fee paid to journals to publish an article as open access.
type: dictionary_term
domain: knowledge-equity
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Access
type: Concept
definition: The continued, available for use, ongoing usability of a digital resource, retaining all qualities of authenticity, accuracy and functionality deemed to be essential for the purposes the digital material was created and/or acquired for. Users who have access can retrieve, manipulate, copy, and store copies on a wide range of hard drives and external devices.
type: dictionary_term
domain: research-lifecycle
track: E
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reviewer Roles
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Review Types
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research Classification
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Person ID Types
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Output Types
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Output ID Types
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Org ID Types
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Licence Types
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Field of Application
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Contributor Roles
type: Concept
type: picklist
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Working Paper
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Website
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Web Address
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Visual Artwork
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Video Recording
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Translation
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Trademark
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Topic
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Theatric
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Text Interview
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Test
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Technical Standard
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Team Capacity
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Supervised Student Publication
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Standard or Policy
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Spin Off Company
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Sound Design
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Signature
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Short Fiction
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Set Design
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Script
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reviewer
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reviewer Suggestion
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Review
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Review Subject
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research-based Degree Supervision
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research Tool
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research Technique
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research Location
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research Dataset
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Research Dataset Contributor
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Report
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Registered Copyright
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Reference
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Radio-TV Program
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Promotion-Tenure Assessment
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project Risk
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project Partner
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project Participant
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project Overview
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project Milestone
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project Info
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project HQP Training
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Project Budget
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Program Developed
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Professional Leave of Absence
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Professional Designation
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Principal Investigator
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Phone Number
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Personal Leave of Absence
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Person Info
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Performance Art
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Patent
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Other Study
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Online Resource
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Office Held
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Non-research Presentation
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Non HE Employment
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Newspaper Article
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Newsletter Article
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Musical Performance
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Musical Composition
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mentoring
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Membership
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Manual
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Mailing Address
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Magazine Article
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Litigation
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Light Design
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

License
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Language Competency
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Journal Reviewing-Refereeing
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Journal Issue
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Journal Article
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Invention
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Internal OA Cost Application
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Institutional Review
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

In-kind Funding
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

HE Institution Employment
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Grant
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Grant Application Assessment
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Graduate Examination
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Funds Request
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Expert Witness
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Exhibition Catalogue
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Event Participation
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Event Administration
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Encyclopedia Entry
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Employee Supervision
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Editorial
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Edited Book
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

E-mail
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Distinction
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Dissertation
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Disclosure
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Dictionary Entry
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Degree
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Data Set
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary

Curatorial-Museum Exhibition
type: Concept
type: object_template
in scheme: CASRAI Dictionary