Examples
Worked examples
- Is an instance
A figure shows mouse-organ histology for three treatment groups but two of the panels are the same image rotated 180 degrees.
Counter-examples
Looks similar, but isn't
- Not an instance
A schematic illustration reused across several papers from the same group with consistent attribution and stated reuse.
Editorial commentary
Bik, Casadevall and Fang's 2016 audit of biomedical papers found inappropriate image duplication in approximately 4 percent of articles. Three categories are commonly distinguished: simple duplication (same image in two places), duplication with repositioning (rotated, translated, or reflected), and duplication with alteration (cropped or contrast-adjusted). Automated detection (ImageTwin, Imagetwin's competitors) has shifted detection earlier in the publication pipeline.
References
- Bik, Casadevall & Fang (2016) 'The prevalence of inappropriate image duplication in biomedical research', mBio 7(3)
- EMBO Press image integrity guidelines (current edition)
Also known as
figure duplication · image reuse
Machine-readable encodings
Use in your systems
<role vocab="credit"
vocab-identifier="https://casrai.org/dictionary/"
vocab-term="Image duplication"
vocab-term-identifier="https://casrai.org/dictionary/term/image-duplication" />{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "DefinedTerm",
"name": "Image duplication",
"identifier": "https://casrai.org/dictionary/term/image-duplication",
"description": "The undisclosed reuse of an image, or portion of an image, to represent a different experimental condition, time point, or sample. Duplication is problematic when the figure legend implies the images are distinct sources.",
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://casrai.org/dictionary/domain/research-integrity-and-misconduct/",
"url": "https://casrai.org/dictionary/term/image-duplication",
"sameAs": [
"figure duplication",
"image reuse"
],
"license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
}
