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Side-by-side comparisons of frequently-confused research-administration concepts. Each comparison includes a TL;DR, a structured table, an FAQ, and pointers to the relevant CASRAI vocabulary.
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Persistent identifiers
ORCID vs ROR vs RAiD
The three core persistent identifiers of modern research administration. ORCID for people, ROR for organisations, RAiD for projects.
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CRediT vs ICMJE authorship
CRediT and ICMJE Vancouver criteria describe different things and complement rather than compete. ICMJE defines who counts as an author; CRediT describes what each author (and acknowledged contributor) actually did.
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NIH biosketch vs UKRI R4RI — comparing narrative CV formats
NIH SciENcv biosketch and UKRI Resume for Research and Innovation (R4RI) are the two most-cited narrative-CV formats in 2026. They share goals but differ in structure, mandatory sections, and tooling.
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DOI vs Handle
DOIs and Handles are both persistent identifier systems for digital resources. DOI is built on top of the Handle System — every DOI is also a Handle, but not every Handle is a DOI.
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DORA vs CoARA — responsible-assessment frameworks
DORA and CoARA are the two most-cited declarations on reforming research assessment. DORA is older (2012), narrower (focus: drop Journal Impact Factor in assessment). CoARA is newer (2022), broader (full coalition + signatory commitments).
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FAIR vs CARE — data principles
FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) defines how data should be machine-actionable. CARE (Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, Ethics) defines how Indigenous data should be governed. They complement rather than compete.
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Crossref vs DataCite — DOI registration agencies
Crossref and DataCite are the two largest DOI Registration Agencies. They target different output types and use different metadata schemas, though they federate extensively.
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ROR vs GRID — organisation identifiers
ROR (Research Organization Registry) is the current standard for organisation persistent identifiers; GRID was the precursor and is now read-only.
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