Dictionary · Full index
A–Z index of all dictionary terms
Every one of the 714 terms in the CASRAI Dictionary, alphabetised and linked to its full definition. Use this as the complete map of the dictionary.
All terms
714 terms
#3
- -80 degC freezer managementThe set of operational practices applied to ultra-low temperature (ULT) freezers to…
- “Degree of contribution” qualifier (lead/equal/supporting)The optional CRediT modifier that may be applied to any of the 14 CRediT roles to…
- 5R Framework (lab sustainability)A hierarchical decision framework applied to laboratory consumables and waste: Refuse,…
A50
- Academic impactThe contribution that research makes to the advancement of scientific knowledge and to…
- AccessThe continued, available for use, ongoing usability of a digital resource, retaining all…
- Acknowledged contributorAn individual whose contribution to a research output is recognised in the…
- Acknowledgement (vs authorship for AI)The convention, codified by ICMJE and COPE (2023), that AI tool use must be disclosed in…
- Action researchA research approach in which researchers and practitioners work together to investigate a…
- Active DMPA DMP that is actively maintained, updated, and queried during project execution,…
- Active grants disclosureThe disclosure of all research grants currently providing financial or in-kind support to…
- Affiliation (CRIS)In CRIS terminology, a time-bounded relationship between a Person record and an…
- African Open Science Platform (concept)A continental initiative coordinated by the African Academy of Sciences, NRF South Africa…
- AfricArXivA community-led preprint repository for African researchers, established in 2018,…
- Aggregator serviceA service that harvests, harmonises, and re-exposes metadata and (sometimes) content from…
- AI as authorThe disallowed practice of listing a generative AI system (e.g., ChatGPT, Claude) in the…
- AI assuranceThe process of measuring, evaluating, and communicating the trustworthiness of AI systems…
- AI biasSystematic skew in an AI system's outputs that produces unjustified differential…
- AI co-authorship rejection (ICMJE 2023)The 2023 update to ICMJE's Recommendations stating explicitly that chatbots and…
- AI conformance assessmentA formal evaluation, conducted by the AI system provider or a notified third-party body,…
- AI evaluation cardA structured documentation artefact specifically describing an evaluation of an AI…
- AI fairnessA property of an AI system whereby its outputs satisfy a defined criterion of equitable…
- AI image generationThe use of a generative model (diffusion models, GANs, autoregressive image models) to…
- AI in editorial decisionsThe use of AI tools by journal editors to triage, screen, or make decisions on submitted…
- AI in literature searchThe use of AI-powered tools (Elicit, Consensus, Scite, Undermind, Semantic Scholar's AI…
- AI in peer reviewThe use of generative AI tools by peer reviewers to assist in evaluating manuscripts —…
- AI in qualitative codingThe use of LLMs or other AI tools to assign codes, themes, or categories to qualitative…
- AI provenanceThe chain of evidence — metadata, cryptographic signatures, watermarks, or attestations —…
- AI safety caseA structured, evidence-based argument that an AI system is acceptably safe to deploy in a…
- AI summarisationThe use of an AI system to produce a shorter version of a text that preserves its key…
- AI tool disclosureA statement within a scholarly work that identifies which generative AI tools were used,…
- AI translationThe use of an AI system (rule-based, statistical, or neural) to convert text from one…
- AI-assisted writingThe use of a generative AI tool by a human author to draft, edit, paraphrase, summarise,…
- AI-generated contentText, images, code, or other artefacts produced substantively by a generative AI system…
- Algorithm cardA documentation artefact describing the algorithmic method or family (e.g., a particular…
- AltmetricsA family of indicators that capture attention to and engagement with research outputs…
- AmeliCA (concept)Open Knowledge for Latin America and the Global South, a multi-institutional initiative…
- Annual report (grant)A scheduled interim report submitted to the sponsor once per project year, summarising…
- APC reimbursement (funder)The mechanism by which a research funder repays an article processing charge (APC) paid…
- Archive phaseThe post-closeout lifecycle phase during which project records, datasets, code, and…
- Argos (OpenAIRE)OpenAIRE's open-source DMP authoring service, designed from the outset around the RDA DMP…
- ARKArchival Resource Key, a persistent identifier scheme for information objects of any…
- ARK inflection rulesA convention of the ARK identifier scheme whereby appending a single '?' to an ARK URL…
- ARRIVE 2.0The 2020 revision of the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines, a…
- Article processing chargeFee paid to journals to publish an article as open access.
- Article publication chargeCharge levied by a publisher to an author (or their funder or institution) to publish an…
- Article-level metricsIndicators reported at the level of an individual article rather than the journal in…
- Audit (grant)A formal examination of an institution's or project's financial records, internal…
- Authentication of key resourcesThe verification, by methods appropriate to the resource type, of the identity and…
- Author accepted manuscriptThe author's final, peer reviewed and corrected manuscript, usually created in Word or…
- Author fee equityThe principle that author-side publication charges (APCs, page charges, submission fees)…
- Author responsibility (for AI use)The principle that human authors retain full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity,…
- Authorship disputeA disagreement between contributors over who should be listed as an author, in what…
- Award phaseThe lifecycle phase between sponsor decision to fund and start of the period of…
B16
- Bench-to-bedsideA phrase used in biomedical research to describe the translation of laboratory ('bench')…
- Beneficiary (Horizon Europe)A legal entity that signs the Horizon Europe Grant Agreement and is directly accountable…
- Benefit-sharing agreementA formal arrangement specifying how the benefits arising from research, use of…
- Bias audit (model)An audit specifically focused on disparate model performance across demographic,…
- Bibliodiversity (DOAJ/AmeliCA/Redalyc)The principle that the global scholarly publishing ecosystem should support a plurality…
- BIG-benchThe Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark, a community-contributed collection of more than…
- BiobankAn organised collection of biological samples (typically human samples such as blood,…
- Biocultural labelsCommunity-controlled metadata labels developed within the Local Contexts framework to…
- BiorepositoryA facility or organisation that collects, processes, stores, and distributes biological…
- BiosketchA short, structured biographical document used in US federal research grant applications…
- Biosketch (NIH-style)A five-page structured CV format mandated by the US National Institutes of Health for…
- Born open accessCommercial or non-profit publishers established for the sole purpose of publishing Open…
- Bridge fundingShort-term funding provided to maintain a research programme between an expiring grant…
- Brief reportA peer-reviewed publication format for compact original research findings, particularly…
- Broad consentA regulatory consent option introduced by the 2018 revised Common Rule at §46.116(d) by…
- Burn rate (grant)The rate at which a grant's funds are being expended over time, typically expressed as…
C75
- Carbon accounting (research)The systematic measurement, calculation, and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions across…
- Carbon-aware computingThe practice of scheduling, shifting, or routing computational workloads in response to…
- CARE PrinciplesA set of principles for Indigenous data governance articulated by the Global Indigenous…
- Career breakA documented absence from active research work of at least three months' duration arising…
- Career diversityRecognition in research assessment of diverse career paths, trajectories and mobility…
- Career interruptionA near-synonym of career break used by some funders (notably the Royal Society and ERC)…
- Carry-forwardThe authorised transfer of unobligated grant funds from one budget period to the next…
- Case reportA peer-reviewed publication describing in detail one or a small number of individual…
- Catalyst grantA targeted, often small-to-medium-value funding mechanism designed to catalyse strategic…
- CERIFCommon European Research Information Format: an EU-recommended data model and exchange…
- Change request (project)A formal request submitted to a sponsor to amend an aspect of an awarded project, such as…
- CHIPS and Science ActA 2022 United States federal statute that authorises substantial public investment in…
- Citation cartelA group of authors, editors, or journals that systematically cite one another's work…
- CiteScoreA journal-level metric published by Elsevier (Scopus) since 2016 that measures the…
- Citizen scienceResearch in which members of the general public actively participate in the scientific…
- Citizen-scientist contributionSubstantive contribution to research by members of the public participating as volunteers…
- Climate impact statement (in DMP)A structured section in a data management plan or research proposal that estimates and…
- Climate-aware fundingResearch funding policies and award practices that explicitly incorporate climate and…
- Closed accessRestricting access to Internet content via a paid subscription; is often called a paywall.
- Closeout phaseThe grant lifecycle phase following the end of the period of performance, during which…
- Co-corresponding author conventionThe practice of designating two or more authors as jointly corresponding on a published…
- Co-design (research)The collaborative design of research studies, interventions, services or products with…
- Co-investigatorA named investigator on a research grant, contract, or protocol other than the lead PI,…
- Co-production (research)Research carried out as an equal partnership between researchers and those who are…
- cOAlition SAn international consortium of research funders, launched in 2018 by Science Europe, that…
- CoARA (Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment)A multi-stakeholder coalition launched in 2022 to coordinate the reform of research…
- CoARA AgreementThe 2022 Agreement on Reforming Research Assessment that sets out ten commitments members…
- Code availability statementA statement in a published article describing where the source code used in the study can…
- Code repositoryA version-controlled storage location for source code, typically operated on top of a…
- Code review (research software)A structured review of research software by one or more peers, focused on correctness,…
- Coercive citationThe practice by editors or reviewers of pressuring authors to add citations that are not…
- Cold-storage energy (research)The electrical energy consumed by research cold-storage equipment (-20 degC freezers, -80…
- CommentaryA short scholarly publication that responds to, contextualises, or critiques other…
- Common Rule (45 CFR 46)The US federal policy for the protection of human subjects codified at 45 CFR Part 46…
- Community-based participatory research (CBPR)A collaborative research approach that equitably involves community members,…
- Community-controlled researchResearch in which the community whose members, knowledge, lands, or resources are the…
- Competitive grantA funding award made following a peer-reviewed, merit-based competition against other…
- Computational environmentThe full software and hardware context in which an analysis runs, including operating…
- Computational reproducibilityThe narrow technical sense of reproducibility: obtaining the same numerical outputs from…
- Compute (FLOPs estimate)The total floating-point operations consumed by training a model, conventionally reported…
- Compute carbon footprintThe greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the electricity consumed by computational…
- Conceptualization lead vs supportingUnder the CRediT taxonomy, the distinction between the contributor who led the…
- Conference abstractA short summary of research findings or planned work submitted to a conference for…
- Conference proceedingA peer-reviewed scholarly publication appearing in the published proceedings of a…
- Conference travel emissionsThe subset of academic travel emissions specifically attributable to attendance at…
- Confidentiality agreement (NDA)A contract by which one or more parties agree to keep specified non-public information in…
- Conflict of interest disclosureThe institutional process by which investigators report significant financial interests,…
- CONSORT 2010The 2010 edition of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, a 25-item checklist…
- Consortium agreementA legal agreement signed among all beneficiaries in a multi-partner grant, regulating…
- Constitutional AI (concept)A training methodology in which a model is trained to align its outputs with a written…
- Container image (as output)A reproducibility-supporting container image (Docker, Singularity/Apptainer, OCI)…
- Container image (Docker/Singularity/Apptainer)A packaged, immutable filesystem and configuration that contains an application together…
- Continuation awardThe release of subsequent-year segments of a multi-year grant, contingent on satisfactory…
- Continuation decisionThe sponsor's formal determination, typically at the end of a reporting period, of…
- Controlled unclassified information (CUI)United States government information that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls…
- Coordinator (grant consortium)The beneficiary in a multi-partner grant (especially Horizon Europe) that takes legal and…
- COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics)An international membership organisation providing standards, guidance, and case-by-case…
- CopyrightA legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work…
- Copyright transfer agreementA legal document containing provisions for the conveyance of full or partial copyright…
- CoreTrustSealA community-based, non-profit certification scheme for trustworthy data repositories,…
- Correction (corrigendum)A formal post-publication notice that amends an error in a published article without…
- Cost element (in DMP)A line item in a DMP describing a financial commitment associated with data management,…
- Cost reimbursementA funding mechanism in which the sponsor reimburses the recipient for actual allowable…
- Cost share (mandatory)A contribution to a sponsored project that is required by the sponsor as a condition of…
- Cost share (voluntary)A contribution to a sponsored project beyond what the sponsor requires, committed by the…
- CRISCurrent Research Information System: an enterprise-class software system that aggregates,…
- CRIS interoperabilityThe capacity of CRIS systems to exchange data with each other and with adjacent systems…
- Crossref deposit XMLThe XML schema family maintained by Crossref that publishers and content-registration…
- Crossref DOIA DOI registered through Crossref, the DOI Registration Agency for scholarly publications…
- Crowdfunded researchResearch projects funded by aggregated small contributions from many individuals,…
- Crowdsourced replicationA coordinated effort in which many independent laboratories or teams attempt to replicate…
- Cultural impactThe contribution that research makes to cultural understanding, heritage, the arts,…
- Cultural protocolThe established practices, norms, and expectations of an Indigenous community governing…
- Curated org record (ROR)An entry in the ROR registry that has been reviewed and approved by ROR curators against…
- Current and pending supportA standardised disclosure of all current, pending, and in-kind sources of research…
D76
- Data availability statementA statement in a published article describing where the data underlying the study can be…
- Data citation principleAny of the eight principles articulated in the Joint Declaration of Data Citation…
- Data commonsA shared data resource — often combined with shared computing and analysis tools —…
- Data controllerThe natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that, alone or…
- Data hubA central node in a data ecosystem that aggregates, harmonises, and brokers access to…
- Data lakeA storage repository that holds large volumes of structured, semi-structured, and…
- Data leakage (training)The contamination of an AI model's training corpus with data that should have remained…
- Data Management Plan (DMP)A formal document that describes how research data will be collected, processed,…
- Data paperA peer-reviewed scholarly publication whose primary subject is a dataset — describing its…
- Data processorA natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that processes personal…
- Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)A documented assessment required under Article 35 of the GDPR where a type of processing…
- Data publication platformA platform that supports the publication of research data as a citable artefact —…
- Data safe havenA secure data-handling environment that allows controlled, audited access to sensitive…
- Data Sharing Agreement (DSA)A contract between two or more parties that governs the bidirectional or multilateral…
- Data statement (NLP)A standardised description of an NLP dataset covering curation rationale, language…
- Data steward role (in DMP)A named individual or role accountable for the day-to-day execution of a DMP's…
- Data subject rights (GDPR)The collective set of rights conferred on identifiable individuals by Chapter III of the…
- Data trustA legal and organisational structure in which a fiduciary intermediary holds, governs,…
- Data Use Agreement (DUA)A contractual instrument required before a recipient may access an identifiable,…
- Data validatorA contributor whose role is to check the integrity, accuracy, completeness, and…
- Data warehouseA central repository of structured data, integrated from multiple operational sources,…
- DataCite consortiumA national or regional grouping of DataCite member organisations led by a 'Consortium…
- DataCite DOIA DOI registered through DataCite, the DOI Registration Agency that serves research data,…
- DataCite metadata schemaThe XML/JSON schema (current version 4.x) maintained by the DataCite Metadata Working…
- DataDMPA DMP authoring and management platform developed in Germany that implements the RDA DMP…
- Dataset (as output)A research dataset deposited in a FAIR-aligned repository with a persistent identifier…
- Dataset landing pageThe human-readable web page that a dataset's persistent identifier (typically a DataCite…
- Datasheet for datasetsA structured document accompanying a machine-learning dataset that records its…
- Date of acceptanceThe day on which the publisher or evaluation institution or committee confirms formally…
- Date of compliant depositDate on which a copy of a version of a work and its metadata is in a repository (or…
- Date of depositDate on which a copy of a version of a work and its metadata is deposited in a repository…
- Date of end of embargoDate after which deposited items become available to read and download on the web. The…
- Date of first open accessThe date that a work was first made publicly available on an Open Access (OA) basis. For…
- Date of online availabilityThe date that a work was first made available online. This may be before or after the…
- Date of online publicationThe date that a work was first published on an online publishing platform. This may be…
- Date of publicationDate the work is made available to the public by a publisher.
- Date of start of embargoThe date that an embargo comes into force and from whence the length of the embargo…
- De minimis rate (NIH)A federally permitted 10 percent indirect cost rate that organisations without a…
- Deemed exportThe release of controlled US technology or source code to a foreign national, even within…
- DepositThe action of uploading a digital copy of a work into a digital repository or similar…
- Detection tool (AI-generated)A software system that estimates the probability that a given piece of content (text,…
- Diamond open accessA publication model in which scholarly content is freely available to read with no…
- Direct chargingThe practice of charging a specific cost directly to a sponsored project's budget as a…
- Direct costsProject costs that can be specifically and unambiguously attributed to a single sponsored…
- Discipline-specific repositoryA repository whose scope is bounded to a particular research discipline or…
- Discretionary fundingFunds that an institution, dean, or unit head may allocate at their own judgement,…
- Discussion paperA scholarly document — published by institutions, learned societies, think-tanks, or…
- Diversity statementA document — typically 1-2 pages — in which a researcher articulates their contributions…
- DMP active phaseThe phase of the DMP lifecycle during project execution, when the plan is iteratively…
- DMP assessmentThe structured rating of a DMP against a published rubric to produce a comparable score…
- DMP closeout phaseThe final phase of the DMP lifecycle, at or after project end, when the plan is…
- DMP compliance checkAn automated or rules-based verification that a DMP satisfies the structural and policy…
- DMP componentA discrete, reusable section of a DMP corresponding to a logical entity (project,…
- DMP creation phaseThe phase of the DMP lifecycle covering initial drafting, typically at grant-proposal…
- DMP lifecycleThe set of phases through which a Data Management Plan passes from initial drafting at…
- DMP machine-readable expressionThe structured serialisation of a DMP's content in a format (JSON, JSON-LD, XML) that…
- DMP narrativeThe human-readable prose portion of a Data Management Plan, typically organised under the…
- DMP RDA-JSON-LDA JSON-LD context and ontology rendering of the RDA DMP Common Standard, enabling DMP…
- DMP reviewA formal or informal evaluation of a DMP by a peer, data steward, librarian, or funder…
- DMP templateA funder-, institution-, or community-specific structured set of questions and guidance…
- DMPonline (DCC product)The UK Digital Curation Centre's hosted instance of the DMPRoadmap platform, providing…
- DMPRoadmap (DMP Tool)An open-source Ruby on Rails platform for creating, reviewing, and exporting Data…
- Doctoral candidateA student enrolled in a doctoral degree programme (PhD, DPhil, EdD, EngD, MD, etc.) who…
- Document versionDuring the development of a document there are usually several iterations of the work.…
- DOIDigital Object Identifier (ISO 26324), a persistent identifier for an entity (typically a…
- DOI prefixThe leading portion of a DOI before the first forward slash, of the form 10.NNNN where 10…
- DOI suffixThe portion of a DOI after the first forward slash, assigned by the registrant within…
- DOI tombstoneA tombstone page served at the resolved URL of a DOI after the underlying resource has…
- Domain expert advisorA subject-matter expert (clinical, technical, policy, lived-experience) who advises a…
- Domain repositorySynonym for discipline-specific repository: a repository whose scope is a particular…
- DORA (San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment)A 2012 declaration urging that research assessment stop relying on journal-based metrics,…
- DORA signatoryAn individual or organisation that has formally endorsed the San Francisco Declaration on…
- Dryad (concept)A non-profit generalist research data repository operated by Dryad Data Inc. (in…
- DSpace-CRISAn open-source extension of the DSpace repository platform, developed by 4Science and the…
- Duplicate publicationPublishing the same study, or substantially the same study, in more than one venue…
- Dynamic consentA consent model implemented via a secure digital platform that enables participants to…
E24
- Early-career researcher (ECR)A researcher within a defined number of years (typically 5-8) of their first doctoral…
- Economic impactThe contribution that research makes to the economy, including productivity gains, new…
- ECSA (European Citizen Science Association)A European network of citizen-science practitioners, researchers and project owners that…
- Editorial contributionIntellectual work performed in the role of editor for a scholarly venue — including…
- Elements (Symplectic)A commercial CRIS product developed by Symplectic (part of Digital Science) that…
- EmbargoRestriction of access to the content of a copy of a work for a defined period of time.
- Empirical reproducibilityThe ability to obtain consistent observations when an empirical procedure (laboratory,…
- EncumbranceA reservation or commitment of grant funds against a future expenditure (such as a…
- End-of-project reviewA formal review held at or near the end of the project's period of performance, assessing…
- Endowment incomeThe investment returns generated by an institution's or foundation's permanent endowment…
- Energy proportionality (computing)The property of computing systems whose energy consumption scales linearly with workload,…
- Engagement metricA quantitative or structured-qualitative indicator capturing the extent, depth, reach or…
- ENRIOThe European Network of Research Integrity Offices, a network of national…
- Environmental impactThe contribution that research makes to environmental outcomes, including biodiversity,…
- EOSCEuropean Open Science Cloud: an EU-led initiative and emerging federation of research…
- EOSC FederationThe architectural model adopted by EOSC for federating heterogeneous national, thematic,…
- EOSC MarketplaceThe catalogue of FAIR research services accessible to European researchers through the…
- Equipment cost (grant)The portion of a grant budget allocated to the purchase, fabrication, or lease of…
- Equipment provision (resources extension)The provision of specialised equipment, reagents, materials, animals, samples, or…
- Equitable peer reviewPeer-review practice that actively addresses structural inequities in reviewer…
- Execution phaseThe main project lifecycle phase during which the planned research activities are carried…
- Export-controlled researchResearch subject to government regulations restricting the transfer of certain items,…
- Expression of concernA formal post-publication notice issued by a journal to alert readers to substantive…
- ezDMPA funder-focused DMP creation service that guides researchers through funder-specific…
F28
- F&A rate (Facilities & Administrative)The negotiated percentage rate applied to a defined direct-cost base to recover an…
- FabricationMaking up data or results and recording or reporting them as if real. A finding is…
- FAIR4RS Software Citation PrinciplesAn extension of the FAIR Guiding Principles to research software, articulating that…
- FAIRsharing (concept)A curated, community-driven registry of databases, standards (metadata, identifiers,…
- FalsificationManipulating research materials, equipment, processes, or data such that the research…
- Federated data infrastructureA data infrastructure in which data, services, and access controls remain distributed…
- Fee waiverFull or partial waiver for article processing charges (APCs) offered by some publishers…
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI)An article-level citation indicator, published by Elsevier (SciVal/Scopus), that…
- Figshare (concept)A commercial generalist research repository operated by Digital Science that accepts…
- Final reportThe concluding report submitted to the sponsor at or shortly after the end of the period…
- Financial report (grant)A structured statement of grant expenditure submitted to the sponsor at defined reporting…
- Fine-tuningThe process of further training a pre-trained foundation model on a smaller,…
- Five Eyes alliance (research context)The intelligence-sharing partnership between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United…
- Five Safes frameworkA framework for the safe use of sensitive data in research, articulated by the UK Office…
- Fixed-price grantA grant or contract in which the sponsor pays a pre-agreed fixed amount on satisfactory…
- FNIGC (First Nations Information Governance Centre)A First Nations-led non-profit organisation in Canada that asserts data sovereignty by…
- Foreign component disclosureThe disclosure of any significant scientific element or segment of a federally-funded…
- Foreign talent recruitment programmeA formal or informal arrangement sponsored, organised, or supported by a foreign state,…
- Forking pathsThe phenomenon by which the cumulative effect of many small, data-contingent analytical…
- Foundation grantA grant awarded by a private, charitable, or family foundation rather than a government…
- Foundation modelA large machine-learning model trained on broad data at scale and adaptable to a wide…
- Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)The right of Indigenous Peoples to give or withhold consent to actions affecting them,…
- Free to readAccess, use, modify and re-use the content online. The adjective “free” is commonly used…
- Frontier modelA foundation model whose capabilities meet or exceed the most advanced publicly known…
- Fundamental research exemptionA provision in US export control regulations exempting basic and applied research,…
- Funder IDAn identifier from the Crossref Funder Registry (formerly FundRef), a curated, open…
- Funding entityIn CRIS terminology, an entity representing a specific award or funding instance — its…
- Funding-acquisition lead vs supportingUnder the CRediT taxonomy, the distinction between the contributor who led the funding…
G19
- Garden of forking pathsThe Gelman-Loken metaphor for the implicit, data-dependent multiplicity of analytical…
- GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)The European Union regulation that governs the processing of personal data of individuals…
- GeneralisabilityThe extent to which a study's findings extend to populations, settings, or conditions…
- Generalist repositoryA repository that accepts research outputs from any discipline, applying domain-agnostic…
- Generative AIArtificial intelligence systems whose primary output is novel content (text, images,…
- Generative-AI disclosure statementA dedicated section in a manuscript — typically headed 'Use of Generative AI' or similar…
- Geographic editorial diversityThe presence on a journal's editorial board, reviewer pool and authorship of researchers…
- Ghost authorshipThe undisclosed substantial contribution to a manuscript by a person not listed as an…
- GIDA (Global Indigenous Data Alliance)An international network of Indigenous-led organisations and individuals advancing…
- Gift authorshipThe inclusion as an author of a person who did not meet the substantive authorship…
- GitHub mirrorA copy of a Git repository (or set of repositories) hosted on GitHub that tracks an…
- Global-South publishingScholarly publishing originating from, owned by or serving researchers and communities in…
- Gold open accessThe publisher version of a publication is immediately and permanently freely available…
- Grant Agreement (Horizon Europe)The legally binding contract signed between the European Commission (or designated…
- Green Lab CertificationAny formal third-party assessment that verifies a laboratory meets defined sustainability…
- Green open accessA type of open access where a version of a publication is freely available via an…
- Green software engineeringThe discipline of designing, building, and operating software with explicit attention to…
- GRIDGlobal Research Identifier Database, a legacy identifier and registry of research…
- GUIDGlobally Unique Identifier, a generic term for an identifier that is intended to be…
H13
- h-indexA researcher-level metric proposed by Jorge Hirsch in 2005, defined as the largest number…
- HallucinationAn output from a generative AI system that is presented confidently and fluently but is…
- Hand-off (between phases)The structured transfer of project responsibility, knowledge, and artefacts from one…
- HandleAn identifier in the CNRI Handle System (RFC 3650-3652), of the form Prefix/Suffix (e.g.…
- HARKing (Hypothesising After Results are Known)Presenting a post-hoc hypothesis, formulated after data analysis, as if it had been the a…
- Harvard Dataverse (concept)A free research-data repository operated by Harvard University on the open-source…
- HELM benchmarkThe Holistic Evaluation of Language Models benchmark, a multi-metric framework evaluating…
- HIPAA Privacy RuleThe US federal regulation at 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164 Subparts A and E that establishes…
- Hong Kong Principles (2020)Five principles for assessing researchers, articulated by Moher and colleagues at the 6th…
- Hong Kong Principles for Assessing ResearchersA set of five principles published in 2020 to guide the assessment of researchers in ways…
- Hugging Face Hub (concept)A web-based platform and ecosystem for sharing machine-learning models, datasets, and…
- Hybrid conferenceA scholarly meeting that simultaneously supports in-person and remote participation, with…
- Hybrid journalA subscription journal in which some of the articles are open access at point of…
I32
- IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)An institutionally appointed committee constituted under the US Animal Welfare Act…
- ICH GCP (Good Clinical Practice)The International Council for Harmonisation E6 guideline establishing an international…
- ICPSR (concept)Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research: a…
- Idea phaseThe earliest phase of the research project lifecycle, in which a researcher identifies a…
- Identifier crosswalkA mapping or correspondence table between identifiers in different schemes that refer to…
- Identifier schemeA named, formally-defined system for constructing, issuing, and resolving identifiers,…
- Identifier syntaxThe formal grammar that constrains the textual form of identifiers in a given scheme —…
- IGSNInternational Geo Sample Number, a globally unique persistent identifier for physical…
- Image duplicationThe undisclosed reuse of an image, or portion of an image, to represent a different…
- Image manipulationAdjustment of a research image (gel, blot, microscopy, etc.) in a way that misrepresents…
- Impact case study (REF)See 'REF impact case study' (responsible-assessment). A structured narrative documenting…
- Impact evaluationThe systematic assessment of whether and how a research output, programme or portfolio…
- Implementation scienceThe scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and…
- In-kind contribution disclosureThe disclosure of non-monetary support provided in support of research, including access…
- Indigenous community reviewA formal or community-designed review process through which an Indigenous community…
- Indigenous Data GovernanceThe principles, structures, mechanisms, and processes through which Indigenous Peoples…
- Indigenous Data SovereigntyThe recognition of Indigenous Peoples' inherent and inalienable rights and interests…
- Indigenous-knowledge holder contributionSubstantive contribution to research from Indigenous knowledge keepers, elders, or…
- Indirect cost recoveryThe income an institution receives from sponsors as reimbursement for indirect (overhead)…
- Indirect costs (overheads)Project costs that cannot be specifically attributed to a single research activity but…
- InferenceThe process of generating outputs from a trained AI model in response to inputs at…
- Inference carbon footprintThe greenhouse-gas emissions associated with serving inference requests from a deployed…
- Inferential reproducibilityThe degree to which independent analysts reach the same qualitative scientific conclusion…
- Informed consentThe voluntary agreement of a prospective research participant, or their legally…
- Institutional repositoryAn online, digital collection of research outputs (see Repository) that are connected by…
- Institutional waiver programmeA structured arrangement by a publisher or institution that grants reductions or full…
- Institutional webpageA webpage that is associated with the institution at which the author is employed.
- Interim project reviewA scheduled formal review of project progress conducted at a defined intermediate point…
- Interim reportA progress and/or financial report submitted to the sponsor during a multi-period grant,…
- IRB (Institutional Review Board)An institutionally designated committee constituted under 45 CFR 46.107 that reviews,…
- ISNIInternational Standard Name Identifier (ISO 27729), a 16-digit identifier for the public…
- ISO/IEC 42001 (AI management system)An international standard, published in 2023, specifying requirements for establishing,…
J6
- Jailbreak (LLM)A prompt or interaction pattern that causes a language model to bypass its safety…
- JASON Report on research securityA 2019 report by the JASON advisory group, commissioned by the US National Science…
- JATS XMLJournal Article Tag Suite (ANSI/NISO Z39.96): an XML vocabulary for describing the…
- Joint appointment (foreign)A formal appointment in which a researcher holds simultaneous positions at their primary…
- Joint Declaration of Data Citation PrinciplesThe 2014 statement produced by Force11's Data Citation Synthesis Group, signed by a wide…
- Journal Impact Factor (JIF)An annual journal-level metric, published by Clarivate in the Journal Citation Reports,…
K4
- Knowledge equity indexA composite measure or framework that quantifies how equitably knowledge production,…
- Knowledge exchange (KE)A two-way process through which knowledge, ideas and experiences are shared between…
- Knowledge mobilisation (KMb)The processes by which research evidence and other forms of knowledge are made…
- Knowledge translation (KT)The dynamic and iterative process that includes synthesis, dissemination, exchange and…
L19
- Lab equipment lifecycle assessmentA structured environmental impact assessment of a laboratory instrument or equipment item…
- Lab leadership (supervision extension)Substantive oversight of a research team or laboratory by a principal investigator or…
- Lab notebook (electronic)A digital record of laboratory experiments, observations, protocols, and analyses…
- Lab waste auditA structured exercise in which a laboratory measures and categorises the volume, type,…
- Large language model (LLM)A neural-network model trained on large text corpora using self-supervised next-token…
- Latindex (concept)A regional online information system for scientific journals from Latin America, the…
- LEAF (Laboratory Efficiency Assessment Framework)A standards-based assessment framework developed by University College London that scores…
- Leiden ManifestoA 2015 set of ten principles for the responsible use of quantitative indicators in…
- Lessons learnedA structured retrospective summary of what worked well, what did not, and what the…
- Letter to editorA short scholarly communication submitted to a journal in response to a…
- LicenceSigned agreement to exploit a piece of IP such as a process, product, data, or software.
- Lifetime contribution lensAn assessment approach that evaluates a researcher's contributions across their whole…
- Linked Data FragmentsA family of Web interfaces for publishing RDF data — ranging from data dumps through…
- Lived-experience expertA person whose personal experience of a condition, situation or issue is recognised as a…
- Living DMPA DMP that is versioned, citable, and intended to evolve over the life of the project,…
- Living reviewA review article — systematic or otherwise — that is continuously or periodically updated…
- Living systematic reviewA systematic review that is continuously updated — typically by re-running the registered…
- Local Contexts (concept)A framework and supporting infrastructure that enables Indigenous communities to manage…
- Lump-sum grant (Horizon Europe)A Horizon Europe funding model in which a fixed lump-sum amount is paid for completion of…
M42
- Machine-actionable DMP (maDMP)A Data Management Plan expressed in a structured, machine-readable format (typically JSON…
- Maiam nayri WingaraAn Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander data sovereignty collective in Australia,…
- Many-analysts studyA study design in which a single dataset and research question are given to multiple…
- Master’s-level researcherA researcher whose highest qualification is a master's degree (MSc, MA, MRes, MPhil,…
- Matauranga MaoriMaori knowledge: the body of knowledge, ways of knowing, and practices held by Maori…
- Match fundingA funding model in which one party's contribution is conditional on a matching…
- Material Transfer Agreement (MTA)A bilateral contract governing the transfer of tangible research materials between two…
- Medical writer contributionProfessional writing assistance to drafting a biomedical manuscript by a person whose…
- Mendeley readershipAn altmetric signal derived from the count of users who have added a research article to…
- MenteeA researcher (typically more junior) who receives career, intellectual, or professional…
- MentorAn experienced researcher who provides career, intellectual, or professional guidance to…
- Mentoring agreementA documented (often written) understanding between mentor and mentee setting out the…
- Mentorship contributionCareer, intellectual, or methodological guidance provided to a researcher (typically more…
- Meta-analysisA quantitative synthesis of effect estimates from multiple studies on a common question,…
- Methodology consultantA specialist who provides substantive advice on research methodology — study design,…
- Methods paperA peer-reviewed publication whose primary subject is a research methodology — a new…
- Methods reproducibilityThe degree to which a study's methods are reported in sufficient detail that another…
- Metric Tide ReportThe 2015 independent review of the role of metrics in UK research assessment,…
- Metric Tide ReviewThe 2022-2023 re-examination of the original Metric Tide report, also chaired by James…
- METSMetadata Encoding and Transmission Standard: a Library of Congress-maintained XML schema…
- Mid-career researcherA researcher beyond the early-career window but not yet at senior leadership status —…
- Mid-term reviewA formal review conducted at approximately the midpoint of a research project, evaluating…
- Milestone paymentA funding disbursement triggered by the achievement of a defined project milestone, used…
- Mission-oriented researchResearch designed to achieve specific, time-bound, ambitious societal missions, drawing…
- Mixture-of-experts (MoE)A neural-network architecture in which a learned router directs each input (or token) to…
- MLCommons benchmarkA benchmark published by the MLCommons consortium for measuring AI system performance…
- MMLU benchmarkThe Massive Multitask Language Understanding benchmark, a 57-subject multiple-choice test…
- Model (as output)A trained machine-learning model — including its weights, architecture, training…
- Model auditA structured assessment of a machine-learning model by an independent party against…
- Model cardA short, structured document accompanying a machine-learning model that records its…
- Model checkpointA saved snapshot of a model's parameters (and optionally optimiser state) at a specific…
- Model evaluation suiteA defined collection of benchmarks, tasks, and metrics, with standardised prompting and…
- Model fine-tune lineageThe specific portion of model lineage that records the sequence of fine-tuning operations…
- Model lineageThe chain of provenance for a model recording its base model, the fine-tuning datasets…
- Model versioningThe practice of identifying a specific revision of an AI model by name, version number,…
- Model weight licenceThe licence terms governing the use, modification, and redistribution of a model's…
- MODSMetadata Object Description Schema: a Library of Congress XML schema for descriptive…
- MTDC (Modified Total Direct Cost)The base to which a US federal indirect cost rate is applied, equal to total direct costs…
- Multi-year projectA funded research project whose period of performance extends across more than one year,…
- Multilingual scholarshipScholarly communication that recognises, supports and produces research outputs in…
- Multiverse analysisAn analytical approach in which all reasonable combinations of data-processing and…
- My Green LabA US-based non-profit organisation and certification programme that assesses laboratory…
N13
- Narrative CVA researcher curriculum vitae format that uses prose narrative descriptions of…
- Narrative reviewA literature review that synthesises existing scholarship on a topic through expert…
- National data infrastructureA coordinated, nationally-scoped programme and set of services for the storage, sharing,…
- Negative result paperA peer-reviewed publication whose primary finding is that a tested hypothesis was not…
- Nextflow (concept)A workflow orchestration system based on dataflow programming with a Groovy-based…
- NIH Rigor and Reproducibility policyThe set of US National Institutes of Health policies, effective from 2016, requiring…
- NIST AI RMF (Risk Management Framework)The US National Institute of Standards and Technology's voluntary framework for managing…
- No-cost extension (lifecycle context)A formal extension of the project's period of performance beyond the original end date,…
- No-cost extension (NCE)An approved extension of the period of performance of a grant beyond the original end…
- Non-author contributorAn individual who made a meaningful contribution to a research output but is not listed…
- Non-competitive grantA funding award made without a comparative peer-reviewed competition, either through…
- NSPM-33United States National Security Presidential Memorandum 33, issued January 2021,…
- Null result publicationA peer-reviewed publication reporting that a study's primary analysis returned results…
O38
- OA monitoringThe systematic measurement and reporting of open-access publication uptake, compliance…
- OAI-OREOpen Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange: a set of specifications,…
- OAI-PMHOpen Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting: a low-barrier HTTP/XML…
- OCAP PrinciplesThe First Nations principles of Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession, asserting…
- Offboarding (project)The structured process of transitioning a team member out of a project, including…
- Onboarding (project)The structured process of integrating a new team member, partner, or contributor into a…
- Open accessMaking peer reviewed scholarly content freely available via the Internet.
- Open access journalA journal that makes its articles immediately available online to the reader without…
- Open access mandateA policy requiring publication of research in an open access format.
- Open access publication cost (grant-eligible)The portion of a grant budget allocated to fund open access publication of project…
- Open archiveA repository that is compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata…
- Open codeThe practice of releasing the source code used in a study, under an open-source licence,…
- Open dataThe practice of making research data freely available for any user to access, use,…
- Open infrastructure (POSI principles)Scholarly infrastructure that is community-governed, financially sustainable, and…
- Open infrastructure energy efficiencyThe energy and carbon performance of shared, community-governed scholarly infrastructure…
- Open materialsThe release of the non-data, non-code materials used in a study (stimuli, survey…
- Open vs closed researchThe distinction between research conducted with the intent to disseminate findings…
- Open weights modelA model whose trained parameter values are publicly released and downloadable, typically…
- Open-data contributionThe substantive work of preparing, documenting, depositing, and maintaining a research…
- Open-software contributionThe development, documentation, packaging, testing, or maintenance of research software…
- Open-source model (criteria)A model meeting the criteria articulated by the Open Source Initiative's Open Source AI…
- OpenAIRE EXPLOREThe end-user-facing discovery service of OpenAIRE that allows researchers, funders, and…
- OpenAIRE GraphAn open scholarly knowledge graph maintained by OpenAIRE that aggregates and links…
- OpenAIRE NexusAn OpenAIRE-led Horizon-Europe-funded initiative (2021-2024) that bundles OpenAIRE…
- ORCID APIThe two-tier REST application programming interface (Public API and Member API) operated…
- ORCID consortiumA national or regional grouping of ORCID member organisations that share a single…
- ORCID educationAn affiliation item in an ORCID record asserting that the iD holder studied at a named…
- ORCID employmentAn affiliation item in an ORCID record asserting that the iD holder is or was employed by…
- ORCID iDA 16-digit persistent identifier, expressed as four hyphen-separated blocks (e.g.…
- ORCID recordThe structured profile maintained at orcid.org for an individual ORCID iD, containing…
- ORCID record permissionsThe three-level visibility setting attached to each item in an ORCID record — public,…
- ORCID work assertionA claim, recorded in an ORCID record, that a particular research output (journal article,…
- Organization unitIn CRIS terminology, an entity representing a structural component of a research…
- ORI (US Office of Research Integrity)The US federal office within the Department of Health and Human Services that oversees…
- Other support (NIH format)The NIH-specific disclosure document listing all resources made available to a researcher…
- Output diversificationThe recognition in research assessment of a wide range of research outputs beyond journal…
- Output legacy planningThe explicit planning, typically conducted late in execution and at closeout, for the…
- Output management plan (OMP)A broader successor concept to the DMP that covers all categories of research output…
P80
- P-hackingThe practice of selectively reporting or adjusting analytical choices in order to obtain…
- Page chargeOne of a number of supplementary charges imposed by some journals to cover the cost of…
- Paper millA commercial operation that produces fabricated or low-effort manuscripts and sells…
- Parameter countThe total number of learnable scalar weights in a machine-learning model, conventionally…
- Partner (grant consortium)A non-coordinator beneficiary in a multi-partner grant consortium, responsible for an…
- Pass-through entityA non-federal entity that receives a federal award from a federal awarding agency and…
- Pathway to impactAn articulated sequence of activities, intermediate outcomes and stakeholder engagements…
- Patient and Public Involvement (PPI)Research being carried out 'with' or 'by' members of the public rather than 'to', 'about'…
- Patient partnerA patient, service user, carer or member of the public who is actively involved in…
- Patient-partner contribution (PPI)Substantive input from patients, service users, carers, or members of the public into the…
- Peer review (in assessment)The use of expert qualitative judgement by relevant peers to evaluate research outputs,…
- Peer reviewer contributionThe intellectual labour of evaluating a scholarly submission's validity, originality,…
- Pending grants disclosureThe disclosure of all research proposals submitted but not yet awarded or declined at the…
- Persistent data identifierA persistent identifier (typically a DataCite DOI, but also IGSN for samples, Handle,…
- Persistent URLAn HTTP(S) URL that an issuing organisation commits to maintain unchanged over time so…
- Person record (CRIS)In CRIS terminology, the entity representing an individual person involved in research —…
- Personal statementA short narrative section in a researcher's CV, biosketch, or grant application in which…
- Personal statement (research assessment)A short narrative section in a researcher CV, grant application or assessment dossier in…
- Personnel cost (grant)The portion of a grant budget that pays the salaries, wages, and associated benefits of…
- PID consortiumA grouping of PID-provider member organisations, typically at national or regional scale,…
- PID graphA graph data structure in which persistent identifiers (ORCID iDs, DOIs, ROR IDs, RAiDs,…
- PID metadataThe descriptive metadata registered with a PID provider at the time of identifier…
- PID mintingThe act of generating a new persistent identifier in a registered scheme and registering…
- PID providerAn organisation that issues persistent identifiers from one or more PID schemes, operates…
- PID resolutionThe process by which a persistent identifier is looked up through its scheme's resolution…
- PIDINSTA persistent identifier for a research instrument, minted under a DataCite DOI or Handle,…
- PlagiarismThe appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving…
- Plan SAn open-access publishing policy launched in September 2018 by cOAlition S requiring…
- Plan U (Preprint)A 2019 proposal that funders mandate deposit of preprints in approved preprint servers as…
- Plastic waste (research lab)The single-use and multi-use polymer waste generated by laboratory research activities,…
- Plataforma SAn Iberoamerican open-science platform initiative aligning regional scholarly publishing…
- Policy briefA short document — typically 2-8 pages — synthesising research evidence for a…
- Policy impactThe contribution that research makes to the formulation, content or implementation of…
- Post-award phaseThe grant lifecycle phase covering all activities between the start of the period of…
- Post-doctoral researcherA researcher who has been awarded a doctoral degree and is engaged in a temporary,…
- Post-printA manuscript draft after it has been peer reviewed.
- Post-project sustainabilityThe planning and provision for ongoing maintenance, hosting, support, or further…
- PostprintThe author-accepted version of a manuscript after peer review and editorial decision of…
- Pre-analysis planA detailed, time-stamped document specifying the statistical models, variable…
- Pre-award phaseThe grant lifecycle phase covering activities from identification of a funding…
- Pre-doctoral researcherA researcher engaged in research work prior to commencing a doctoral programme, typically…
- Pre-printPreliminary version of an article that has not undergone peer review but that may be…
- Pre-registrationThe practice of publicly recording a study's hypotheses, design, sample, and analysis…
- Pre-submission feedback contributionSubstantive intellectual input — comments, critique, suggested revisions, or…
- Predatory journalA journal that solicits and accepts manuscripts in exchange for fees without providing…
- PreprintA scholarly manuscript posted to a public preprint server prior to formal peer review and…
- Preservation commitment (in DMP)A statement in a DMP specifying which datasets will be preserved beyond project end, in…
- Press embargoA request by a source that the information or news provided by that source not be…
- Prime awardThe grant or contract directly between the funder and the lead recipient organisation,…
- Principal investigator (PI)The named individual on a research grant, contract, or protocol who is formally…
- Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI)A set of principles published in 2015 (updated 2020) by Bilder, Lin and Neylon defining…
- PRISMA 2020The 2020 update of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and…
- Privacy by designThe obligation under Article 25 of the GDPR for a controller to implement appropriate…
- Process diversity (in assessment)Recognition in research assessment of the diverse research processes researchers…
- Project (CRIS)In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a discrete research project with a defined…
- Project closure documentationThe set of documents produced at project closeout to record final outcomes, lessons…
- Project deliverableA tangible, verifiable output produced by a project, such as a report, dataset, software…
- Project holdA temporary pause of project activity initiated by the project team, the institution, or…
- Project ID (RAiD-anchored)A persistent, machine-actionable identifier for a research project, typically issued…
- Project lifecycleThe complete sequence of phases through which a research project progresses from initial…
- Project metadataThe structured descriptive data about a research project, including title, abstract,…
- Project milestoneA significant intermediate point in a project, marking achievement of a key activity,…
- Project phaseA defined segment of a research project's lifecycle, characterised by a specific…
- Project pivotA substantive change in the direction, methods, scope, or objectives of a research…
- Project planThe structured document, typically created in the proposal or award-acceptance phase,…
- Prompt engineeringThe practice of designing, refining, and structuring input text given to a generative AI…
- Prompt injectionAn attack on a language-model-based system in which adversarial instructions, embedded in…
- Proposal phaseThe lifecycle phase covering preparation, drafting, internal review, institutional…
- Protocol paperA peer-reviewed publication that fully describes the methodology of a planned or ongoing…
- Public engagement (PE)The myriad ways in which the activity and benefits of higher education and research can…
- Public engagement with research (PER)A subset of public engagement focused specifically on engaging publics with research…
- Publication permissionThe circumstances under which copyright material may be used and where permission must be…
- PublishA broad process or system that involves, at minimum, scholarship and writing,…
- Publishing agreementA legal contract between publisher and author(s) to publish written material by the…
- Pump-priming fundingSmall grants intended to initiate new collaborative or interdisciplinary research…
- PureA commercial CRIS product, originally developed by Atira A/S in Denmark and now owned by…
- Pure gold journalA scholarly journal that makes its articles immediately available online to the reader…
- Pure publish agreementA contract between an institution or consortium and a publisher that covers only the…
- Pure read agreementA traditional subscription contract giving an institution access to read a publisher's…
- PURLPersistent Uniform Resource Locator, a URL maintained by a PURL service that redirects…
Q1
- Quantitative-qualitative balanceThe principle in responsible assessment that quantitative indicators should support, not…
R66
- R4RI (Resume for Researchers / Royal Society narrative CV)A narrative-style CV template originally developed by the Royal Society in 2019 that…
- R4RI mandate (UKRI 2024)The UK Research and Innovation policy, fully effective in 2024, requiring applicants and…
- RAiDResearch Activity Identifier, an ISO-standardised persistent identifier (ISO 23527) for a…
- RDA DMP Common StandardA community-developed application profile, maintained by the Research Data Alliance DMP…
- RDF triple storeA database management system specialised for storing and querying RDF (Resource…
- Re-evaluation cycleA scheduled, periodic review by a research-assessment system of its own indicators,…
- Re3data (concept)Registry of Research Data Repositories: a global registry, operated by DataCite and…
- Read onlyOnline content (data or information) that is capable of being displayed but not modified…
- Read-and-Publish agreementAn agreement between an institution or consortium and a publisher that bundles the costs…
- REC (Research Ethics Committee)A UK or EU committee constituted to provide an independent ethical opinion on a research…
- Red-teamingThe practice of deliberately adversarial testing of an AI system by skilled testers…
- Redalyc (concept)A non-profit scientific information system, founded in 2003 at UAEM Mexico, that hosts…
- REF (Research Excellence Framework, UK)The UK's national exercise for assessing the quality of research in higher education…
- REF 2021The 2021 cycle of the UK Research Excellence Framework, whose results were published in…
- REF 2029The next planned cycle of the UK Research Excellence Framework, currently scheduled with…
- REF impact case studyA structured narrative submission to the REF describing how research from a UK…
- Registered reportA publication format in which a study's introduction, methods, and analysis plan are…
- Relative Citation Ratio (RCR, NIH)An article-level field-normalised citation metric developed by the US National Institutes…
- Renewable awardA funding award that, on completion, may be extended or re-funded for additional periods…
- ReplicabilityThe ability to obtain consistent results when an independent investigator collects new…
- Replication studyA study whose primary purpose is to re-test a specific claim from a previously-published…
- Reporting period (grant)A defined time window within a multi-period grant for which the recipient must submit…
- Reporting phaseThe lifecycle phase or sub-phase during which scheduled progress and financial reports…
- RepositoryRepositories preserve, manage, and provide access to many types of digital materials in a…
- ReproducibilityThe ability to obtain consistent computational or analytical results when the same data…
- Reproducibility auditA systematic, post-publication examination of whether a study's published results can be…
- Reproducibility crisisThe widely reported finding that substantial proportions of published research,…
- Reproducibility reviewerA reviewer whose specific role is to verify that the computational, analytic, or…
- Reproducible AI experimentAn AI experiment for which sufficient artefacts and metadata are released (data, code,…
- Reproducible Research Practices (RRP)The set of disciplinary norms, tools, and habits that together raise the probability that…
- Research activity (CRIS)In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a research undertaking — typically a project,…
- Research assistantA staff member employed to provide research support — data collection, literature search,…
- Research associateA staff researcher (often post-doctoral, sometimes post-master's) employed in a role with…
- Research carbon footprintThe total greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in CO2-equivalent) attributable to research…
- Research entity (CRIS)A first-class object in a CRIS data model — typically Person, Project, Publication,…
- Research funderAn organisation providing financial support for research activity.
- Research impactThe demonstrable contribution that research makes to the economy, society, culture,…
- Research integrityThe adherence to professional values and practices (honesty, rigour, transparency,…
- Research letterA short peer-reviewed publication presenting original research findings in a compressed…
- Research misconductFabrication, falsification, or plagiarism (FFP) in proposing, performing, or reviewing…
- Research output (CRIS)In CRIS terminology, an entity representing a discrete product of research — a…
- Research security policyAn institutional or governmental policy framework that establishes safeguards,…
- Research statementA document — typically 2-5 pages — in which a researcher describes their research…
- Researcher degrees of freedomThe decisions an analyst makes during a study (inclusion criteria, outcome definition,…
- Researcher webpageA webpage featuring a researcher's profile, which possibly may also provide links to…
- Resolution serviceA networked service that, given a persistent identifier, returns the current location of…
- ResourceSyncANSI/NISO Z39.99: a framework for synchronising resources between a source server and one…
- Responsible AIAn umbrella term covering the design, development, deployment, and governance practices…
- Responsible metricsAn approach to using quantitative indicators in research assessment that emphasises…
- Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI)A framework that asks research and innovation actors to anticipate and assess potential…
- Results reproducibilityThe narrow sense in which a study's reported quantitative results can be recreated from…
- Resume for Researchers (R4RI)A structured narrative-CV format developed by the Royal Society (UK) which asks…
- Retention period (in DMP)The minimum duration for which a specified dataset will be retained after project end,…
- RetractionThe formal withdrawal of a published article from the literature by the journal, with a…
- Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)An AI architecture in which an LLM is augmented at inference time with documents…
- Reusable consumablesLaboratory items historically used once and discarded that are redesigned, repurposed, or…
- Reuse licenseA set of terms and conditions that facilitates the reuse of published information.
- Reviewer role typologyA controlled vocabulary for distinguishing types of peer-review activity — e.g.,…
- Right to erasureThe right under Article 17 of the GDPR for a data subject to obtain from the controller…
- RIMResearch Information Management: the organisational practice and the supporting systems…
- RIOXXResearch Outputs Information Exchange XML (RIOXX): a UK-originated application profile…
- RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback)A training methodology in which a language model is fine-tuned using a reward signal…
- RobustnessThe stability of a study's conclusions under reasonable variations in analytical choices,…
- Robustness checkAn additional analysis, supplementary to the headline result, that varies one or more…
- ROR CurationThe community-driven process by which the Research Organization Registry receives,…
- ROR IDA persistent identifier for research organisations issued by the Research Organization…
S57
- Salami slicingThe practice of dividing a single coherent body of research into the smallest publishable…
- Sample repositoryA repository for physical research samples — geological, environmental, biological, or…
- SciELO (concept)Scientific Electronic Library Online, an open-access publishing model and bibliographic…
- Scientific rigourThe strict application of the scientific method to ensure unbiased and well-controlled…
- Scope 1 / 2 / 3 emissions (research org)The categorisation of a research organisation's greenhouse-gas emissions following the…
- Scoping reviewA literature review that maps the breadth and nature of evidence on a broad topic —…
- SDG 17 (Partnerships)The seventeenth Sustainable Development Goal: strengthen the means of implementation and…
- SDG 4 (Quality Education)The fourth Sustainable Development Goal: ensure inclusive and equitable quality education…
- SDG 9 (Industry Innovation)The ninth Sustainable Development Goal: build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive…
- SDG mapping (research output)The practice of classifying research outputs, projects or programmes against one or more…
- SDG-aligned researchResearch that is explicitly designed, framed or assessed in relation to specific…
- Seed fundingSmall-value, short-duration funding awarded to develop a novel research idea to the point…
- Self-plagiarismReusing substantial portions of one's own previously published work in a new publication…
- Senior researcherA researcher at an advanced career stage (typically 15+ years post-PhD) with a sustained…
- Sensitive technologyA technology area designated by national authorities as having potential national…
- Sensitive-data handling (in DMP)The section of a DMP that documents the categories of sensitive data involved (personal,…
- Sensitive-data repositoryA repository specifically designed to hold sensitive research data — typically personal…
- SharingThe extent to which a work can be discovered, accessed and reused by those other than the…
- Sharing commitment (in DMP)A statement in a DMP specifying which datasets will be shared, to whom, on what licence,…
- Short communicationA peer-reviewed publication format for compact original research findings, typically with…
- Singapore Statement on Research Integrity (2010)A short framework statement of four principles and fourteen responsibilities for the…
- Single Audit (US)A US federal annual organisation-wide audit required of non-federal entities expending…
- Single-use plastic alternativesMaterials and product designs that substitute for traditional single-use polymer…
- Single-year projectA funded research project whose period of performance is one year or less, with a single…
- Snakemake (concept)A Python-based workflow management system that expresses computational pipelines as rules…
- Societal impactThe contribution that research makes to society in terms of changes to social practices,…
- Software citation (Software Citation Working Group)The practice of citing research software in the reference list of a publication, with…
- Software Heritage archiveA non-profit international initiative based at Inria that systematically crawls,…
- Software management plan (SMP)A structured plan covering how research software will be developed, documented, licensed,…
- Software paperA peer-reviewed scholarly publication whose primary subject is a research software…
- SPARQL endpointAn HTTP endpoint that accepts SPARQL queries (the W3C-standard query language for RDF)…
- Specification curveAn analytic and visual technique that plots the estimated effect across a large set of…
- Sponsor (career)A senior researcher or leader who actively advocates for a more junior researcher's…
- Sponsored research agreementA contractual agreement between a research-performing organisation and a sponsor…
- Sponsorship relationshipA career-development relationship in which a senior researcher (sponsor) uses their…
- Stage-1 protocolThe introduction, methods, and analysis plan submitted as the first of two stages of a…
- Stage-2 results paperThe completed registered report submitted after data collection, containing the results,…
- Static DMPA DMP that is produced at a single point in time (typically grant submission) and not…
- Statistical consultancySubstantive statistical advice or analysis provided by a statistician to a research…
- STROBEThe Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, a…
- SubawardA formal award by the prime recipient of a grant to another organisation to perform a…
- Subject repositoryA repository the contents of which are connected purely by their discipline, rather than…
- Submission feeCharge levied on author(s) upon submission of a manuscript to a journal, sometimes…
- Subrecipient monitoringThe activities undertaken by the prime award recipient (pass-through entity) to ensure…
- Subscribe-to-Open (S2O)A business model in which a journal flips to open access for a given year if enough…
- SubtaskAn internal subdivision of a project task, used for detailed planning, effort tracking,…
- Supervisor (doctoral)The academic appointed by an institution to guide a doctoral candidate's research, with…
- Suspension (grant)The temporary halting of a grant's activities, typically initiated by the sponsor in…
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)The 17 global goals adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015 as part of the…
- Sustainable HPCHigh-performance computing operations and procurement choices that minimise energy use,…
- Sustainable procurement (research)The process of purchasing research goods and services with explicit consideration of…
- Synthetic benchmarkA benchmark whose evaluation items are wholly or partially generated by another model or…
- Synthetic dataData generated by a model or algorithm rather than collected from real-world observations…
- Synthetic imageAn image produced by a generative model (e.g., diffusion model, GAN) rather than captured…
- System cardA documentation artefact describing an AI-enabled system in its production configuration,…
- System promptA prompt provided to an LLM at the start of a session — typically not visible to the end…
- Systematic reviewA literature review that follows a pre-specified, registered protocol to systematically…
T28
- Task (Horizon Europe)A subdivision of a Horizon Europe work package, representing a specific activity with…
- Te Mana RaraungaThe Maori Data Sovereignty Network in Aotearoa New Zealand, advocating for Maori rights…
- Teaching statementA document — typically 1-3 pages — in which a researcher articulates their philosophy of…
- Technical reportA scholarly document published by a research-performing organisation (laboratory,…
- Technical staff contributionSubstantive technical work — laboratory technique, instrument operation, data…
- Termination (grant)The formal ending of a grant award before its scheduled end date, initiated by the…
- Theory of changeAn explicit, testable map of how and why a research project, programme or intervention is…
- Tissue bankA specific kind of biobank focused on the collection, processing, storage, and…
- Tombstone pageA landing page served at a persistent identifier's resolved URL after the underlying…
- TOP GuidelinesThe Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines, an eight-standard framework for…
- Tortured phrasesUnusual paraphrases of established technical terminology that result from automated…
- Traditional Knowledge (TK)Knowledge, know-how, skills, innovations, and practices developed, sustained, and passed…
- Traditional Knowledge LabelsCommunity-controlled metadata labels that communicate Indigenous community protocols,…
- Training carbon footprintThe total greenhouse-gas emissions, expressed in kilograms or tonnes of CO2-equivalent,…
- Training data compositionThe mixture of data sources, by domain, language, modality, and provenance, used to train…
- Training data provenanceDocumentation of the sources, collection methods, licensing, consent basis, time range,…
- Transformative agreement (TA)A time-limited contract between an institution or consortium and a publisher designed to…
- Translation (work)A scholarly publication that renders a previously-published work from one natural…
- Translational researchResearch that bridges discovery science and practical application, translating findings…
- Translator contributionThe intellectual work of converting a scholarly work from one natural language to another…
- Travel cost (grant)The portion of a grant budget allocated to project-related travel, including…
- Travel emissions (academic)The greenhouse gas emissions arising from academic business travel, principally air…
- Trusted digital repositoryA digital repository whose mission, governance, technical infrastructure, and procedures…
- Trusted research environmentA secure computing environment — typically delivered as a remote-access workspace with…
- Trusted research framework (UK)The United Kingdom guidance and supporting tools developed by the Centre for the…
- Trustworthy AIAI systems exhibiting properties (lawful, ethical, technically robust) that warrant the…
- Twitter mentions (concept)An altmetric signal counting public posts on Twitter (rebranded to X in 2023) that…
- Two-page narrativeA common page-limited narrative-CV format in which a researcher describes their…
U9
- UK Data Service (concept)A UK ESRC-funded data infrastructure that holds, curates, and provides access to social,…
- UKRIOThe UK Research Integrity Office, an independent advisory body providing confidential,…
- ULAB sampleAn Unknown Long-Abandoned Biological sample, typically held in a freezer or cold-storage…
- UnderspendThe condition in which a grant budget period ends with unspent funds, indicating actual…
- Undue foreign influenceThe exertion of pressure, control, or hidden incentives by a foreign government or its…
- Updated project planA revised version of the original project plan, reflecting approved changes to scope,…
- URNUniform Resource Name (RFC 8141), a URI of the form urn:NID:NSS where NID is a registered…
- Use cardA documentation artefact recording an intended deployment context for a model or system,…
- UUIDUniversally Unique Identifier (RFC 4122 / ISO/IEC 9834-8), a 128-bit value rendered as 32…
V4
- Version of record (VoR)The final, formally published version of a scholarly work as issued by the publisher —…
- Virtual conferenceA scholarly meeting held entirely online, with no physical venue or in-person attendance,…
- Visiting scholar agreementA written agreement between a host institution and a visiting researcher (and frequently…
- VIVOAn open-source semantic-web application and ontology developed by the VIVO community…
W10
- w3id.org PURLA persistent URL hosted on the w3id.org domain by the W3C Permanent Identifier Community…
- Watermarking (AI output)The embedding of a statistical, cryptographic, or visible signal into AI-generated…
- Whistleblower (research)A person who, in good faith, raises a concern about possible research misconduct, breach…
- White paperAn authoritative document — published by a government, industry, or research organisation…
- Withdrawal of consentThe exercise by a research participant of the right to revoke their consent to ongoing…
- Work package (Horizon Europe)A defined sub-component of a Horizon Europe project that groups related tasks,…
- Workflow (as output)A computational workflow — a structured description of a multi-step analysis pipeline,…
- Workflow language (CWL/WDL)A declarative specification language for describing multi-step computational analyses…
- Working paperA scholarly document circulated through institutional working-paper series (e.g., NBER,…
- World Data System certificationHistoric certification programme of ICSU's World Data System (WDS) under which scientific…
Z1
- Zenodo (concept)A free generalist research repository operated by CERN and developed under OpenAIRE that…
Looking for a thematic view? Browse the 20 dictionary domains, or jump to the curated research data management glossary. All entries CC-BY 4.0.
