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Dictionary termTrack EStablev2026.2

Leiden Manifesto

A 2015 set of ten principles for the responsible use of quantitative indicators in research evaluation, authored by Hicks, Wouters, Waltman, de Rijcke and Rafols.

ByCASRAI Editorial Board
· Last updated 21 May 2026

Examples

Worked examples

  • Is an instance

    A national evaluation agency cites the Manifesto when allowing field-normalised indicators only as complements to peer review.

  • Is an instance

    An institution shares its bibliometric data with evaluees so they can verify it (Principle 5).

Counter-examples

Looks similar, but isn't

  • Not an instance

    Comparing biomedical and humanities scholars using identical citation thresholds.

  • Not an instance

    Publishing institutional rankings derived from indicators whose calculation is undocumented.

Editorial commentary

Published in Nature in April 2015 (Hicks et al., 'Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics'), the Manifesto distils a decade of scientometrics into ten guidelines, including: quantitative evaluation should support qualitative expert assessment; measure performance against the research missions of the institution, group or researcher; protect excellence in locally relevant research; keep data collection and analytical processes open, transparent and simple; allow those evaluated to verify data and analysis; account for variation by field in publication and citation practices; base assessment of individual researchers on a qualitative judgement of their portfolio; avoid misplaced concreteness and false precision; recognise systemic effects of assessment and indicators; and scrutinise indicators regularly and update them.

References

  • Hicks D, Wouters P, Waltman L, de Rijcke S, Rafols I. Nature 520:429-431, 2015 (doi:10.1038/520429a). leidenmanifesto.org.

Also known as

Leiden Manifesto for Research Metrics · Hicks et al. 2015

Machine-readable encodings

Use in your systems

JATS XML <role> element
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Schema.org DefinedTerm (JSON-LD)
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Referenced across the research world

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