Social Sciences & Humanities

Philosophy & Research Ethics: Research Resources

Philosophy research runs mostly on text, argument and conceptual analysis, so its infrastructure differs from laboratory fields. The working tools are bibliographies and archives: PhilPapers, maintained by the Centre for Digital Philosophy at the University of Western Ontario, and The Philosopher's Index, produced by the Philosopher's Information Center in Bowling Green, Ohio. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, begun in 1995, is the reference work whose entries are refereed by an editorial board and archived each quarter so they can be cited. Flagship journals such as Ethics, founded in 1890 and published by the University of Chicago Press, and the learned societies, led in North America by the American Philosophical Association (founded 1900), set the publication norms. In the United States the National Endowment for the Humanities, created in 1965, is the main federal funder of humanities research.

The field's second research-practice layer is research ethics, much of which was written by philosophers. The Nuremberg Code (1947), the Declaration of Helsinki, whose latest revision was adopted in October 2024, and the Belmont Report (1978) with its three principles of respect for persons, beneficence and justice define what an ethics committee checks. In the US that review is carried out by institutional review boards under 45 CFR 46, the Common Rule, overseen by the Office for Human Research Protections. Research integrity is governed by the HHS Office of Research Integrity and its 42 CFR Part 93 rules, the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (2023 revised edition), COPE's publication-ethics guidance, and the Retraction Watch Database, now held by Crossref. This hub gives the discipline-wide view; its specializations cover human-subjects review, integrity, bioethics, animal research oversight, neuroethics, AI ethics, philosophy of science, logic, mind, moral and political philosophy, and historical editions.

New to the field? What is Philosophy & Research Ethics? →

Reviewed 5 November 2026 by CASRAI Editorial Board

Sources

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: About(read 5 November 2026)
HHS Office of Research Integrity(read 5 November 2026)
WMA Declaration of Helsinki(read 5 November 2026)
The Hastings Center: Who We Are(read 5 November 2026)
ALLEA European Code of Conduct(read 5 November 2026)
NEH: About(read 5 November 2026)
Nuffield Council on Bioethics: About(read 5 November 2026)
CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines(read 5 November 2026)
Retraction Watch Database user guide(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: PhilPapers(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: Committee on Publication Ethics(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: Common Rule(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: Belmont Report(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: American Philosophical Association(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: The Philosopher's Index(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: Institutional review board(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: Research ethics(read 5 November 2026)
Wikipedia: Ethics (journal)(read 5 November 2026)

Field at a glance

Journals

Ethics: Founded in 1890 as the International Journal of Ethics, renamed Ethics in 1938; University of Chicago Press; covers moral, political and legal philosophy.Website ↗
Hastings Center Report: Published by The Hastings Center, an independent interdisciplinary bioethics research institute; it also publishes Ethics & Human Research.Website ↗
Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association: The Association's proceedings, cited in its Wikipedia entry; the Journal of the American Philosophical Association is listed as a related title.Website ↗

Societies

American Philosophical Association: Founded 1900; Pacific, Central and Eastern divisions each hold an annual meeting, the Eastern Division's drawing about 2,000 philosophers each December.Website ↗
The Hastings Center: Describes itself as the oldest independent, nonpartisan, interdisciplinary research institute of its kind; founded by Daniel Callahan and Willard Gaylin.Website ↗ · Our guide →
Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): Set up in 1997 by UK medical journal editors; offers Core Practices (replacing its Code of Conduct in 2017), flowcharts and training; over 13,000 members in 2022.Website ↗ · Our guide →

Funders and programmes

National Endowment for the Humanities: Founded 1965; the only US federal agency dedicated to funding the humanities, with more than 6 billion dollars awarded since its founding.Website ↗
Nuffield Council on Bioethics: Independent UK policy and research centre on biomedical ethics, funded by the Nuffield Foundation, Wellcome and the Medical Research Council.Website ↗

Archives, facilities and data

PhilPapers: Run by the Centre for Digital Philosophy at Western Ontario, edited by David Bourget and David Chalmers; absorbed the Philosophy Research Index in 2014.Website ↗
The Philosopher's Index: Bibliography of philosophy produced by the Philosopher's Information Center; indexing reaches back to 1902 and covers 140 countries.Website ↗
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Begun September 1995 at CSLI; nearly 1,872 entries as of Fall 2026; entries refereed by an Editorial Board and archived quarterly.Website ↗ · Our guide →
Retraction Watch Database: Retractions plus some corrections and expressions of concern; Crossref acquired it and the full dataset is downloadable from GitLab.Website ↗ · Our guide →

Standards and formats

Declaration of Helsinki: WMA revision adopted October 2024; para. 23 requires independent ethics committee approval before research begins, para. 35 registration before first recruitment.Website ↗ · Our guide →
Belmont Report: Dated 30 September 1978, from the National Commission created by the National Research Act of 1974; principles are respect for persons, beneficence, justice.Website ↗ · Our guide →
Common Rule (45 CFR 46): 1991 rule signed by 20 agencies; covers IRB membership, review, informed consent and extra protections in Subparts B, C and D; major revision effective July 2018.Website ↗ · Our guide →
CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines: Fourth edition, 2016, 122 pages; prepared with WHO to show how Declaration of Helsinki principles apply, especially in low-resource settings.Website ↗
European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity: 2023 Revised Edition, first published 23 June 2023; covers all disciplines, research culture, EDI, GDPR, open science; the 2017 edition remains available.Website ↗ · Our guide →
Institutional review boards: US IRBs operate under 45 CFR 46; institutions need a Federalwide Assurance; FDA rules (21 CFR 56.107) require at least five members.Website ↗ · Our guide →

Preprints and indexes

HHS Office of Research Integrity: Runs RCR resources, a Research Integrity Officer training programme, misconduct case summaries and sample policies for the 2024 rule at 42 CFR Part 93.Website ↗ · Our guide →
Nuremberg Code and research ethics history: Codes cited in sequence: Nuremberg Code (1947), Declaration of Helsinki (1964), Belmont Report (1978); UK, Canada and EU have their own review structures.Website ↗ · Our guide →

102 pages across 9 topic areas

Research Integrity & Compliance

45 CFR 46 and the Common Rule: What Each Subpart Covers
45 CFR 46 is the HHS human-subjects regulation with five subparts (A-E). The Common Rule is specifically Subpart A. This guide maps every subpart to i…
45 CFR 46 vs. 21 CFR 50: How the Common Rule and FDA's Human-Subjects Regulation DifferComparison
45 CFR 46 (the HHS Common Rule) applies because research is federally funded or conducted; 21 CFR 50 applies because a study involves an FDA-regulated…
Animal Research Ethics: The 3Rs, IACUC Oversight, and the Law
How the 3Rs, IACUC review, the Animal Welfare Act, and PHS Policy together form the ethical and legal framework governing animal research in the US.…
ARIC: Australia's Process-Review Body for Research Misconduct Investigations
ARIC (Australian Research Integrity Committee) reviews whether an institution's misconduct investigation was procedurally fair -- it cannot re-decide…
ARIN: Africa's Research Integrity Network, and Why It's Not a Statutory Body
ARIN is a continent-wide, voluntary network for research-integrity capacity-building and dialogue across African countries -- not a statutory oversigh…
CAST (China Association for Science and Technology): Its Role in Research Integrity
CAST is China's national umbrella body for scientific and technological societies. Since 2018 it has held a formal, if often misunderstood, role in Ch…
CITI Human Subjects Research (HSR) Training: Biomedical and SBE Tracks, Requirements, and Renewal
A guide to the CITI Program's Human Subjects Research (HSR) course: the Biomedical and Social-Behavioral-Educational tracks, Foundations vs. Comprehen…
Colombia's Research Integrity Oversight: Minciencias and the National Bioethics Council
How Colombia oversees research conduct: Minciencias' national research ethics, bioethics, and scientific integrity policy (EIBIC), and the statutory r…
CONBIOÉTICA Committee Registration in Mexico: CEI, Research and Biosafety Committees Under NOM-012-SSA3-2012
Registering a Comité de Ética en Investigación and its companion research and biosafety committees with CONBIOÉTICA, clause by clause under NOM-012-SS…
CONICET's Ethical Principles and CECTE: Argentina's Research-Misconduct Oversight Framework
How CONICET's own ethical-principles resolution (540/06) differs from Argentina's national CECTE ethics committee, and which body actually handles a m…
Denmark's Danish Board on Research Misconduct: From UVVU to a Centralized National Authority
Denmark replaced UVVU with a single centralized government authority, the Danish Board on Research Misconduct, on 1 July 2017. Here is its legal basis…
Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Dickey-Wicker, NIH Guidelines, and ISSCR Standards
A practical guide to the ethics and regulation of embryonic stem cell research: what the Dickey-Wicker Amendment actually restricts, how the 2009 NIH…
Exculpatory Language in Informed Consent: What It Is and Why It's Prohibited
Exculpatory language -- wording that makes a research subject waive legal rights or release the sponsor/investigator from liability for negligence --…
Falsification vs. Fabrication: What's the Difference?Comparison
Falsification and fabrication are both prongs of the federal FFP research-misconduct definition (42 CFR 93.234; defined individually at 93.211 and 93.…
Granskingsutvalget: Norway's National Commission for Investigating Research Misconduct
Granskingsutvalget is Norway's national commission for research misconduct: an appeals body, independent investigator, and adviser to NEM, NENT, and N…
HIPAA Authorization vs. Informed ConsentComparison
Informed consent and HIPAA authorization are two distinct requirements for human-subjects research involving protected health information — one govern…
Honest Broker: The De-Identified-Data Intermediary Role in Human Subjects Research
What an honest broker is in human subjects research: a neutral third party who de-identifies clinical data before researchers ever access it, why the…
Hong Kong's RGC Research Misconduct Guidelines: How UGC-Funded Universities Handle Investigations
Hong Kong has no single statutory research-misconduct body. Instead, each UGC-funded university runs its own integrity policy, while the RGC's Discipl…
How a Research Misconduct Investigation Actually Works
A practical, procedural walkthrough of how research misconduct (FFP) allegations actually get investigated — using the US federal ORI process under 42…
How Canada's Tri-Agency Investigates Research Misconduct: The SRCR/PRCR Process
A step-by-step walkthrough of how Canada's Tri-Agency (CIHR/NSERC/SSHRC) actually investigates a research misconduct allegation -- the institution's i…
How Institutions Staff a Research Integrity Office: RIO, Compliance Director, Research Protections Director
How research-intensive institutions split the research-integrity-and-compliance function into a Research Integrity Officer, Research Compliance Direct…
How Long Does IRB Approval Take? Typical Review Timelines by Review Type
Typical IRB review timelines by review type (exempt, expedited, full board), what actually extends them, and how to plan a study timeline around IRB r…
How Long Does RCR Training Take? NIH vs. NSF vs. Institutional Formats
NIH requires a minimum 8 contact hours with a live-discussion component, recurring every 4 years; NSF sets no hours or format requirement at all. Here…
How to Search the Retraction Watch Database: A Practical Guide
A practical guide to searching the Retraction Watch Database: which fields it supports, how to combine filters and Boolean operators, how to read its…
Informed Consent Checklist for Researchers
A practical, item-by-item checklist for researchers drafting an informed consent process and document under 45 CFR 46.116 — basic and additional requi…
Informed Consent Form: A Worked Example With Annotations
A section-by-section worked example of an informed consent form, annotated against the 45 CFR 46.116 required elements and ICH E6 disclosure expectati…
Informed Consent in Research: What It Requires and How It Works
What informed consent actually requires beyond a signature: voluntary participation, disclosure, comprehension, capacity, and an ongoing right to with…
Informed Consent vs. Assent — What's the Difference?Comparison
How informed consent (given by an adult or parent/guardian) differs from a child's own assent under 45 CFR 46.408 — including IRB discretion on age th…
Institutional vs. Federal Jurisdiction in Research Misconduct Cases
Who has authority over a research misconduct case isn't always the institution alone. How 42 CFR Part 93 splits jurisdiction between universities and…
IRB Approval Cost: What Institutions and Independent Researchers Actually Pay
Real IRB fee data for three scenarios: institutional review usually folded into overhead, commercial/central IRB fees for industry trials (WCG's 2026…
IRB Approval: Review Types, Process, and Timelines
A complete guide to IRB approval: the three review pathways (exempt, expedited, full board), the 45 CFR 46.111 approval criteria, what a protocol subm…
IRB vs. IACUC: Human-Subjects Review vs. Animal-Research Oversight ComparedComparison
IRB and IACUC are both mandatory institutional review committees, but they answer to different laws and review different subject populations: IRB cove…
Ireland's National Research Integrity Forum (NRIF) and the 2024 National Policy Statement
Ireland's National Research Integrity Forum (NRIF), coordinated by IUA and THEA, and the December 2024 revision of the National Policy Statement on En…
Is My Project Human Subjects Research? A Step-by-Step Determination Process
A step-by-step walkthrough of how the human subjects research determination actually works: self-screening, submitting for an official IRB/HRPP determ…
Japan's Research Misconduct Framework: MEXT's Guidelines and Mandatory RCR Education
A guide to Japan's national research-misconduct framework: MEXT's Guidelines for Responding to Misconduct in Research, the separate research-funds mis…
Kenya's National Research-Ethics Framework: NACOSTI Accreditation and NCST Guidelines
How NACOSTI accredits Kenya's Institutional Scientific and Ethics Review Committees (ISERCs), how the 2004 NCST biomedical research ethics guidelines…
Legally Authorized Representative (LAR) in Research Consent: Who Qualifies and How It Works
A legally authorized representative (LAR) consents to research participation on behalf of a subject who lacks capacity. This guide covers the 45 CFR 4…
Ley 20.120 (Chile): Research on Human Beings, the Genome, and Accredited Ethics Committee Requirements
Ley 20.120 and its reglamento, Decreto 114, are the statute behind Chilean ethics review — not the ISP/ANAMED product pathway. This guide sets out the…
LOWI: How the Netherlands' Research Integrity Second-Opinion Process Works
LOWI (Landelijk Orgaan Wetenschappelijke Integriteit) is the Netherlands' national second-opinion body for research-misconduct rulings. This guide exp…
MCRCR: Malaysia's Code of Responsible Conduct in Research
How the Malaysian Code of Responsible Conduct in Research (MCRCR) sets national standards for research integrity, who governs it, and how Malaysian un…
Minimal Risk vs. Greater Than Minimal Risk in Human Subjects ResearchComparison
45 CFR 46.102(j) defines minimal risk; everything above it is 'greater than minimal risk.' The classification determines IRB review pathway, continuin…
Morris Water Maze Protocol: IACUC Requirements and Welfare Limits
What an IACUC protocol must specify for Morris water maze testing — water temperature and welfare limits, humane endpoints for non-swimmers, thigmotax…
New Zealand's Royal Society Code: A Membership-Based, Non-Statutory Model for Research Ethics
The Royal Society Te Apārangi's Code of Professional Standards and Ethics is New Zealand's closest thing to a national research-integrity code, but it…
Npof: Sweden's National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct
Npof is Sweden's centralized government agency for research misconduct cases, established 2020 under Act (2019:504) to keep investigations independent…
NRCT's Code of Ethics for Researchers and NECAST: Thailand's Research-Integrity Framework
How Thailand's NRCT Code of Ethics for Researchers (individual conduct) and NECAST (REC accreditation) fit together as the country's research-integrit…
OeAWI: Austria's Agency for Research Integrity and Its New Legal Role
OeAWI is Austria's voluntary-membership research-integrity body, founded 2008, with 67 member institutions. A 2024 amendment to the Higher Education Q…
OFIS (French Office for Research Integrity): Mission, Structure, and Legal Mandate
OFIS, the Office français de l'intégrité scientifique, coordinates French research integrity policy under Hcéres. Learn its mission, structure, and th…
OWID and the DFG Code of Conduct: Germany's Research Integrity System
Germany's research-integrity system runs on two linked layers: the DFG's 19-guideline Code of Conduct, binding on funded institutions, and OWID, the n…
Paper Mills: How They Work and How Journals and Institutions Detect Them
What a research paper mill actually sells, why demand for it exists, how journals and institutions detect it (with a signals table), and what to do if…
Poland's Research-Integrity Oversight: The Committee on Ethics in Science and the Code of Ethics for Researchers
Poland has no central research-misconduct investigation office. Instead, oversight is split between PAN's advisory Committee on Ethics in Science, the…
Principles of Research Ethics
The codified principles that govern research involving human participants — Belmont's respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, their codificatio…
Quality Improvement vs. Human Subjects Research: How to Determine If You Need IRB Review
Quality improvement and quality assurance projects are not automatically exempt from IRB review, or automatically research. This guide walks through t…
Questionable Research Practices: The Grey Zone Below Misconduct
Questionable research practices (QRPs) are not research misconduct. This guide draws the operational line between the two: what makes a practice a QRP…
Research Integrity Fundamentals: FFP, RCR, and the Misconduct Process
An orientation to research integrity as a field: how it differs from research ethics and compliance, the FFP misconduct framework, RCR training, and h…
Research Misconduct Case Studies: What Real Investigations Reveal
Six real, publicly settled research misconduct cases -- with citations to the ORI findings, institutional investigation reports, and court judgments b…
Research Misconduct Whistleblower Protections: What Retaliation Looks Like and How ORI Investigates It
What 42 CFR Part 93 requires to protect research-misconduct complainants and witnesses from retaliation, what retaliation looks like in practice, and…
Research Misconduct: What an ORI Finding Actually Means
What it means when ORI finds research misconduct: the federal FFP definition, how institutional and ORI findings differ, the inquiry-to-debarment proc…
Resolución 8430 de 1993: Colombia's Research Ethics and Risk-Classification Rules
Colombia's foundational research-ethics regulation: the sin riesgo / riesgo mínimo / riesgo mayor risk categories with real examples, informed-consent…
Respondent Rights During an ORI Research Misconduct Investigation
What a respondent is entitled to under 42 CFR Part 93 during an ORI research misconduct investigation: record access, the mandatory 30-day draft-repor…
Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) Training: Requirements and How Completion Gets Tracked
What NIH and NSF actually require for responsible conduct of research (RCR/RECR) training, an NIH-vs-NSF comparison table, the nine RCR subject-matter…
SIRION: Singapore's Institutional Research Integrity Offices Network
SIRION coordinates Singapore's institutional research-integrity offices as a voluntary peer network, without a single national statutory oversight bod…
Social Science Research Ethics: How Review Differs From Biomedical IRB Review
How IRB review of social and behavioral science research differs from biomedical review: the Common Rule exemption categories that most often apply, d…
South Africa's Research Integrity Framework: ASSAf, DHET, NRF, CHE & USAf
South Africa has no single national research-integrity office. This guide explains what DHET, NRF, CHE, ASSAf and USAf each actually control, the 2019…
South Korea's Research-Integrity Oversight: NRF's Research Ethics Center and KUCRE
How South Korea's research-integrity oversight actually works: the Ministry of Education's misconduct guideline, NRF's Research Ethics Center, and KUC…
Taiwan NSTC's Guidelines for Handling and Investigating Research Misconduct
How Taiwan's NSTC investigates research misconduct: the eight misconduct categories, the two-stage Inquiry Panel/Academic Ethics Review Committee proc…
TENK: Finland's National Board on Research Integrity, 2025-2027 Mandate, and Its 2026 AI Recommendation
TENK is Finland's independent national board on research integrity, appointed by the Ministry of Education and Culture for 2025-2027. Unlike Denmark,…
The Belmont Report Principles and How They Apply in Practice
A teaching guide to the Belmont Report’s three principles — Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice — and how each becomes a concrete IRB requir…
The Components of Informed Consent: The Required Elements Under 45 CFR 46.116
The required components of informed consent under 45 CFR 46.116: the eight basic elements, the ninth element added in 2018, and the additional element…
The Consequences of Research Misconduct: Career, Funding, and Legal Outcomes
What actually happens after a research misconduct finding: federal debarment and SAM.gov exclusion, grant termination, retraction, career and licensin…
The Declaration of Helsinki After the 2024 Revision
What the WMA's October 2024 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki actually changed, and what it means for research protocols and informed consent fo…
The IACUC Protocol: What to Include, How It's Reviewed, and Why It Gets Sent Back
What an IACUC animal-use protocol must include under 9 CFR 2.31, how it's reviewed, and the most common reasons it gets sent back for revision.…
The Institutional Official (IO): One Role Across IACUC, Research Security, and Misconduct Oversight
The Institutional Official (IO) is the senior signatory who binds a research institution to its federal assurances and certifications across IACUC/ani…
Undue Influence and Vulnerable Populations in Research
How the Common Rule distinguishes coercion, undue influence, and undue inducement; which populations get additional protection under 45 CFR 46 Subpart…
VCWI: Belgium's Flemish Research Integrity Second-Opinion Body
VCWI is the Flemish body that gives second opinions on research-misconduct cases already investigated by Belgian institutions. Its coordinator, Bert S…
Voluntary Exclusion Agreements: Settling an ORI Misconduct Case Without a Formal Finding
A voluntary exclusion agreement lets a PHS research misconduct case close through negotiated settlement under 42 CFR 93.409, without ORI ever making a…
Vulnerable Populations Under the Common Rule: Categories and Additional Protections Required
A category-by-category reference to which research subjects require additional Common Rule protections -- pregnant women/fetuses/neonates, prisoners,…
Waiver of Documentation of Informed Consent: 45 CFR 46.117(c) Explained
How 45 CFR 46.117(c) lets an IRB waive the signed consent form while the consent process itself still occurs, why that is different from waiving conse…
Waiver of Informed Consent: When an IRB Can Approve Research Without It
A practical guide to when and how an IRB can waive informed consent entirely under 45 CFR 46.116(f) and the 2024 FDA rule at 21 CFR 50.22, including t…
What Is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A plain-language answer to what an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is, what it reviews, its three review pathways, informed consent's role, and how i…
When Should Informed Consent Be Obtained? Timing, Re-Consent, and the Emergency Exception
Consent must be obtained prospectively, before any study-related procedure begins. This guide covers that timing rule, when a protocol amendment trigg…

Research Methods & Statistics

Bioethics vs Research Ethics: Key DifferencesComparison
Bioethics is the broad field of ethical questions in medicine and the life sciences; research ethics is its subfield protecting study participants thr…
Global Workspace Theory: Baars, Dehaene and Ignition
Global workspace theory explained: broadcast, limited capacity, ignition, the Baars and Dehaene versions, the main rival view and how to cite it.…
SEP vs IEP: Philosophy Encyclopedias ComparedComparison
A scholarly comparison of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) and Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), examining review, depth, and ci…
What Is an Alternate Hypothesis? Guide
An alternate hypothesis states that an effect or relationship exists in the population, serving as the operational counterpart to the null hypothesis.…
What Is Bioethics? Principles, History, and Research Oversight
A research-administration guide to bioethics: what the field covers, principlism and the Belmont Report, clinical versus research ethics, the cases th…
What Is Cognitive Science? Research Areas, Funding, and Career Paths
A complete answer to what cognitive science is: its core questions and subfields, how it relates to psychology, neuroscience, and computer science, wh…
What Is Philosophy of Science? Research Areas, Funding, and Career Paths
A comprehensive guide to philosophy of science: what it studies, its major sub-disciplines, the real research funding landscape (NSF STS, NEH, private…

Clinical Research Administration

Human Subjects Research: Definition Under 45 CFR 46.102
The Common Rule's two-part regulatory test for human subjects research: the 'research' definition at 45 CFR 46.102(l) and the 'human subject' definiti…
Humanitarian Use Device (HUD) and HDE: IRB Approval, Research vs. Clinical Care, and Billing
A Humanitarian Use Device (HUD) used within its FDA-approved indication is clinical care, not research, yet it is one of the few clinical activities t…
The 4 Principles of Informed Consent
Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice — the Beauchamp and Childress bioethics principles as applied to the informed consent process, and…
The Informed Consent Process in Clinical Trials: Step by Step
A procedural, step-by-step walkthrough of the clinical trial informed consent process -- from confirming eligibility through the consent conversation,…

Frontier AI Safety & Governance

AI Accountability: Who's Responsible When an AI System Causes Harm?
What AI accountability means as a general concept, the mechanisms (roles, sign-offs, audit trails, incident-reporting obligations) that implement it,…
The Council of Europe AI Treaty (CETS 225): What's Confirmed So Far
The UK signed CETS 225, the Council of Europe's AI treaty, on 5 September 2024. Its formal name, signatories, and what remains unconfirmed about its l…
The OECD AI Principles: What 47 Adherents Actually Signed
The OECD Recommendation on AI (OECD/LEGAL/0449) is non-binding, has 47 adherents, and its entire safety content is one principle with no capability th…

Scholarly Publishing

PhilEvents: The Academic Philosophy Event and CFP Calendar
PhilEvents is the primary global calendar for academic philosophy conferences and calls for papers, maintained by the Centre for Digital Philosophy.…
PhilPapers Survey: Methodology, Waves and Data
Guide to the PhilPapers Survey: methodology, 2009 and 2020 waves, target population sampling, longitudinal trends, and empirical philosophy metrics.…
The Philosopher's Index: Scope & Search
A research guide to The Philosopher's Index database: coverage back to 1740, human indexing with 25,000 headings, full-text access, and search strateg…

CRediT & Authorship

University Research-Integrity Office vs. Journal/COPE-Level Authorship DisputesComparison
University research-integrity offices and journal/COPE-level processes handle authorship disputes on two different tracks, with different triggers, ti…
When Does an Authorship Dispute Cross the Line Into Research Misconduct?
Most authorship disagreements are resolvable, not misconduct. Here is the actual definitional line under 42 CFR Part 93 (FFP), what specifically trigg…

Grants Management & Research Funding

Cognitive Science Society: Membership, Awards and Conference
Cognitive Science Society membership categories, Rumelhart and Glushko award terms, governance and journals, as described on its official pages.…

Research Data Management

AIATSIS Code of Ethics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research
What the AIATSIS Code of Ethics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research requires: its four core principles, how it replaced GERAIS in 2020,…

Scholarly Writing

Research Ethics in Qualitative Research: Consent, Confidentiality, and Positionality
How informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymization work differently in qualitative research, from emergent designs to verbatim quotes and resear…

Key terms

← All disciplines & industries